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Rudianto et al. Indonesian Society of Endocrinologys Summary Article of DM National Clinical Practice Guidelines. JAFES. May 2011 26(1)
Differences of
Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes
Type 1 Type 2
Pathophysiology Range: Insulin resistance
-cell destruction, absolute with insulin deficiency to
insulin deficiency insulin secretory defect with
insulin resistance
Age Any >30 years
Onset of
Abrupt Gradual
signs/symptoms
Symptoms Hyperglycemia, ketosis Few classic symptoms
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Clinical Presentation
T1DM T2DM
Frequent urination Any of the Type 1 symptoms
Usual thirst Frequent infections
Extreme hunger Blurred vision
Unusual weight loss Cuts/bruises that are slow to heal
Extreme fatigue and irritability Tingling/numbness in the hands/feet
Recurring skin, gum,
or bladder infections
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http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/symptoms/?loc=DropDownDB-symptoms
Insulin Deficiency is Often Already
Established when T2DM is Diagnosed
DIAGNOSIS
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Postprandial
15
glucose
Glucose
(mmol/l)
Fasting
10 glucose
250
Relative -cell
function (%)
MACROVASCULAR CHANGES
Clinical
features
MICROVASCULAR CHANGES
Years 10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
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Adapted from Rhodes CJ. Science. 2005;307:380-4.
Diagnosis DM (Perkeni, 2015)
Perkeni, 2015
Impaired: Fasting Glucose & Glucose Tolerance
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Kelompok Risiko Tinggi
Muscle
Brain
Holst JJ, rskov C. Diabetes. 2004;53:S197-S204.
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Lebovitz HE. Diabetes Rev. 1999;7:139-153.
Management
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Prinsip pengaturan makan SEIMBANG sesuai dengan
kebutuhan kalori dan zat gizi.
BNI : Batasi-Nikmati-Imbangi
Muscle
Brain
Holst JJ, rskov C. Diabetes. 2004;53:S197-S204.
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Lebovitz HE. Diabetes Rev. 1999;7:139-153.
Factors to consider when choosing an
antihyperglycaemic agent
Safety profile
Tolerability
Cost
Nathan DM et al. Management of Hyperglycemia in type 2 Diabetes, a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy, a consensus statement
from ADA/EASD. Diabetes Care 2006;29(8):1963-72.
Antihyperglycemic Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes
(ADA, 2016 with Modification)
American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. January 2016 Volume 39, Supplement 1
Insulin in Indonesia
Awal Kerja Puncak Kerja Lama Kerja
Sediaan Insulin Kemasan
(Onset) (Peak) (Duration)
Insulin Prandial (Meal Related)
Insulin Short Acting
Reguler (Actrapid, Humulin R) 30-60 menit 30-90 menit 3-5 jam Vial, pen/cartridge
Insulin Analog Rapid Acting
Insulin Lispro (Humalog) 5-15 menit 30-90 menit 3-5 jam Pen/cartridge
Insulin Glulisine (Apidra) 5-15 menit 30-90 menit 3-5 jam Pen
Insulin Aspart (Novorapid) 5-15 menit 30-90 menit 3-5 jam Pen, Vial
Insulin Intermediate Acting
NPH (Insulatard, Humulin N) 2-4 jam 4-10 jam 10-16 jam Vial, Pen/cartridge
Insulin Long Acting
Insulin Glargine (Lantus) 2-4 jam No Peak 18-26 jam Pen
Insulin Detemir (Levemir) 2-4 jam No Peak 22-24 jam Pen
Insulin Campuran
70% NPH 30% Reguler
30-60 menit Dual 10-16 jam Pen/cartridge
(Mixtard, Humulin 30/70)
70% Insulin Aspart Protamin
10-20 menit Dual 15-18 jam Pen
30% Insulin Aspart (Novomix 30)
75% Insulin Lispro Protamin
5-15 menit Dual 16-18 jam Pen/cartridge 28
30% Insulin Lispro (HumalogMix 25)
Summary
Screening for risk factors for development of DM helps identify
patients early
T1DM & T2DM can be distinguished by age onset, weight, and
progression of signs and symptoms
Each have different underlying pathophysiology and thus require
different treatment and management strategies
There are several different classes of anti-hyperglycemia
medications available
Biguanides, sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, alpha-glucosidase
inhibitors, DPP-IV inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists
Each class differs in their target site, pharmacology, efficacy and
safety profile
Treatment algorithms aid in choosing which medication to use for
each patient
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Hermina Novida