TIME VALUE OF MONEY

OBJECTIVES After studying this chapter, you should

be able to understand:
1. What is Time Value of Money
2. Method / Types of Interest
3. Cash flow Diagram
LEARNING

4. Types of Compound Interest Formulas.

 Decision DilemmaTake a Lump Sum
or Annual Installments
A suburban Chicago couple won the Power-
ball.
They had to choose between a single lump
sum $104 million, or $185 million paid out over
25 years (or $7.92 million per year).
The winning couple opted for the lump sum.
Did they make the right choice? What basis do
we make such an economic comparison?
Why Do We Need to Know?
To make such comparisons
(the lottery decision problem),
we must be able to compare
the value of money at different
point in time.
 Time Value of Money
Money has a time value because it can earn
more money over time
Money has a time value because its purchasing
power changes over time
Time value of money is measured in terms of
interest rate.
Interest is the cost of moneya cost to the
borrower and an earning to the lender.
 Types of Interest
Simple Interest ; I= P *n * i

Compound Interest ; F = P(1+i)n or

 Method for calculating Simple Interest
The practice of charging an interest rate only to an initial sum
(principal amount).
In this case interest earned is directly proportional to capital
involved in the loan.
If, I= interest earned through several time period.
P= Principal amount, i= rate of interest per period
N= number of interest periods (usually years)
Then, I= P * i *N
The total amount the borrower is supposed to pay the lender,
F= P + I => P + PiN => F = P(1+ iN)
Method for calculating Compound Interest
The practice of charging an interest rate to an initial sum and
to any previously accumulated interest that has not been
withdrawn.
Total amount to pay, varies drastically when compared to
simple interest charged. F= P . (1 + i)n

P- Principal Amount invested at time 0,

F- Future amount,
i- interest rate compounded annually,
n- period of deposits
Method for calculating Compound Interest
Alternatively,
If we want 100 Rs at the end of nth year what should be the
amount deposited now?

P- Principal Amount invested at time 0,

F- Future amount, i- interest rate compounded annually,
n- period of deposits
Similarly, there are different interest formulas which are very
useful for making investment decisions
 Cash Flow Diagram
Cash flow diagrams are the simple representation of income
and outlay.
Generally before constructing the diagram it is very common
to define the time frame over which cash flow occurs.
The time frame thus forms the horizontal axis which is
divided into time periods, often in years.

0 i% 10
 Cash Flow Diagram
(a) Borrowers viewpoint

Loan in Rs

+ 1 2 3
time
- 0 10
Payment (expenditures)
Rs Rs Rs

(b) Lenders viewpoint

Rs Rs Rs Payment (receipt)

+
0 time
- i% 10

Loan in Rs
Types of Compound Interest Formulas

1. Single payment compound amount:

Here the objective is to find the single future sum (F) of initial
payment P after n period at interest rate i % compounded every period.
Types of Compound Interest Formulas

2. Single Payment Present Worth Amount:

Here the objective is to find the present worth amount (P) of a single
future sum (F) which will be received after n periods at an interest rate
of i% compounded at the end of every interest period.
 Types of Compound Interest Formulas

3. Equal Payment Series Compound Amount:

Here the objective is to find the future worth of n equal payments which
are made at the end of every interest period till the end of nth interest
period at an interest rate of i % compounded at the end of each interest
period.
Types of Compound Interest Formulas

4. Equal Payment Series Sinking Fund:

Here the objective is to find the equal amount (A) that should be
deposited at the end of every interest period for n period to realize a
future sum (F) at the end of nth period at an interest rate of i %.
Types of Compound Interest Formulas

5. Equal Payment Series Present Worth:

Objective is to the find present worth of an equal payment made at end
of every interest period for n periods.
Types of Compound Interest Formulas
6. Equal Payment Series Capital Recovery Amount:
Objective of this mode of investment is to find the annual equivalent
amount (A) which is to be recovered at the end of every interest period
for n interest periods for a loan (P) which is sanctioned now at an
interest rate i% compounded every period.
Types of Compound Interest Formulas
7. Uniform Gradient Series Annual Equivalent Amount:
The objective of this mode of investment is to find the annual equivalent
mode of a series with an amount A1 at the end of first year and with an
equal increment (G) at the end of each of the following n-1 years with
the interest rate i % compounded annually.
 Solved Problems
1. If Mr. X deposits Rs.1000 in his bank account at 6% compounded interest on
January 1, 2001. How much money will be accumulated on January 1, 2011 ?

2. Determine the amount P that you should deposit into an account 2 years from
now, in order to be able to withdraw Rs. 4000/- per year for 5 years starting 3
years from now, at an interest rate of 15% per year ?

3. A company is planning to make two equal deposits such that 10 years from
now the company will have $ 49000 to replace a small machine. If the first
deposit is to be made 1 year from now and the second is to be made 9 years
from now, how much must be deposited each time if the interest rate is 15%
per annum ?
 Solved Problems
4. Determine the future amount of Rs. 100/- payment deposited at the end of
each of the next five years and earning 6% per annum.
5. It is desired to accumulate Rs. 563.70 by making a series of 5 equal annual
payments at 6% interest compounded annually. What is the required amount of
each payment?
6. Rs. 1000/- invested now at 5% interest compounded annually, provide for 8
equal future year end payments. Determine A.
7. A professor working in MSRIT has 10 years of service before he retires. He
now plans to deposit Rs. 25000 at the end of first year and there after an annual
increase of Rs. 500 for the remaining nine years. If he can expect a return of
10% find the future amount at the end of the 10th year.
 Solved Problems
8. Arun buys a car, making an initial payment of Rs. 1,00,000/- and taking a loan
of Rs. 1,50,000 from ICFC Bank. He makes equal monthly repayments of
Rs.8000 to ICFC Bank, to clear the loan in full for a period of 2 years. After
making the last payment, he sells the car for Rs. 1,50,000. Draw two CFDs
one for Arun and one for ICFC Bank for the above cash flow.
 Solved Problems
1. If Mr. X deposits Rs.1000 in his bank account at 6% compounded interest on
January 1, 2001. How much money will be accumulated on January 1, 2011 ?
Ans: Method 1: Single payment compounded amount
P = Rs.1000 ; i =6 ; n=10 ; F= ? ;
Formula: F= P(F/P, i, n) = 1000 * (F/P,6,10)
= 1000 * (1.791) = Rs 1791/-

i= 6% n=10 years F=?

0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

1000
 Solved Problems
2. Determine the amount P that you should deposit into an account 2 years from
now, in order to be able to withdraw Rs. 4000/- per year for 5 years starting 3
years from now, at an interest rate of 15% per year ?
Ans: Method 5: Equal payment series present worth
P = ? ; i = 15% ; n=5 ; A= 4000 ;
Formula: P= A(P/A, i, n) = 4000 * (P/A, 15, 5)
= 4000 * (3.3522) = Rs 13408.80/-
i= 15% n=5 years
4000 4000 4000 4000 4000

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
P
 Solved Problems
3. A company is planning to make two equal deposits such that 10 years from now
the company will have $ 49000 to replace a small machine. If the first deposit
is to be made 1 year from now and the second is to be made 9 years from now,
how much must be deposited each time if the interest rate is 15% per annum ?
Ans: Method 1: Single payment compounded amount
P = P1+P2 ; i = 15% ; F= $ 49000
Formula: F= P(F/P, i, n) = P1 (F/P, i,n) + P2(F/P, i, n)
= P1 (F/P, 15,9) + P2(F/P, 15, 1)
= P (3.518) + P (1.15) => 49000 = 4.668 P => P = $ 10497 /-
i= F = 49000
15%
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

P1 P2
 Solved Problems
4. Determine the future amount of Rs. 100/- payment deposited at the end of each
of the next five years and earning 6% per annum
Ans: Method 3: Equal payment series compounded amount
A = 100 ; i = 6% ; n=5 ; F= ?
Formula: F= A(F/A, i, n) = 100 (F/A , 6, 5)
= 100 (5.637) = Rs. 564/-

i= 6% F=?

0
0 1 2 3 4 5

A=100 A=100 A=100 A=100 A=100

 Solved Problems
5. It is desired to accumulate Rs. 563.70 by making a series of 5 equal annual
payments at 6% interest compounded annually. What is the required amount of
each payment?
Ans: Method 4: Equal payment series sinking fund
A = ?; i = 6% ; n=5 ; F= Rs. 563.70
Formula: A= F(A/F, i, n) = 563.70 (F/A , 6 , 5)
= 563.70 (0.1774) = Rs. 100/-

i= 6% F = 563.70

0
0 1 2 3 4 5

A= ? A=? A= ? A= ? A= ?
 Solved Problems
6. Rs. 1000/- invested now at 5% interest compounded annually, provide for 8
equal future year end payments. Determine A
Ans: Method 6: Equal payment series capital recovery amount
P = 1000; i = 5% ; n=8 ; A= ?
Formula: A= P(A/P, i, n) = 1000 (A/P , 5 , 8)
= 1000 (0.1547) = Rs. 154.72/-

P = 1000 i= 5%

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

A= ? A=? A= ? A= ? A= ?
 Solved Problems
7. A professor working in MSRIT has 10 years of service before he retires. He
now plans to deposit Rs. 25000 at the end of first year and there after an annual
increase of Rs. 500 for the remaining nine years. If he can expect a return of
10% find the future amount at the end of the 10th year.
Ans: Method 7 & Method 3
A1= Rs.25000 ; G =Rs. 500; i = 10% ; n=10 yrs ; A= ? ; F= ?
i) Formula: A= A1+G(A/G, i, n) = 25000+ 500(A/G , 10 , 10)
A= 25000+500(3.72546) = Rs. 26862.73/-
ii) Formula: F=A(F/A, i, n) = A(F/A, 10, 10) = 26862.73 (15.93742)
= Rs. 4,28,122.61/-
 Solved Problems
8. Arun buys a car, making an initial payment of Rs. 1,00,000/- and taking a loan
of Rs. 1,50,000 from ICFC Bank. He makes equal monthly repayments of
Rs.8000 to ICFC Bank, to clear the loan in full for a period of 2 years. After
making the last payment, he sells the car for Rs. 1,50,000. Draw two CFDs
one for Arun and one for ICFC Bank for the above cash flow.
Ans: CFD for Arun
Rs. 1,50,000 /-
Rs. 1,50,000 /-

1 2 3 4 5 6 23 24
0
months

Rs 8000/-

Rs. 1,00,000
 Recap

What is Time Value of

Money
Method / Types of Interest
Cash flow Diagram
Types of Compound
Interest Formulas.