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RESERVOIR
ENGINEERING
CLASSIFICATION OF RESERVOIRS
AND RESERVOIR FLUIDS
where f = porosity
POROSITY
Absolute porosity
Effective porosity
Absolute porosity
The absolute porosity is defined as the ratio of the total pore space in
the rock to that of the bulk volume. A rock may have considerable
absolute porosity and yet have no conductivity to fluid for lack of pore
interconnection. The absolute porosity is generally expressed
mathematically by the following relationships:
or
The term dL has been replaced by dr as the length term has now
become a radius term.
Saturation
SATURATION
Saturation is defined as that fraction, or percent, of the pore volume
occupied by a particular fluid (oil, gas, or water). This property is
expressed mathematically by the following relationship:
Sg + So + Sw = 1.0
Critical oil saturation, Soc
For the oil phase to flow, the saturation of the oil
must exceed a certain value which is termed
critical oil saturation. At this particular saturation,
the oil remains in the pores and, for all practical
purposes, will not flow.
Residual oil saturation, Sor
pressure-temperature diagram
Pressure-Temperature Diagram
Low-shrinkage oil
Oil recovery 35 to 75 %
Rock and Liquid Expansion
Well behavior
(4-1)
The above equation states that the rate of change of pressure p
with respect to time t at any location i is zero. In reservoirs, the
steady-state flow condition can only occur when the reservoir is
completely recharged and supported by strong aquifer or
pressure maintenance operations.
Unsteady-State Flow
The unsteady-state flow (frequently called transient flow) is defined
as the fluid flowing condition at which the rate of change of
pressure with respect to time at any position in the reservoir is
not zero or constant.
This definition suggests that the pressure derivative with respect to
time is essentially a function of both position i and time t, thus
(4-2)
Pseudosteady-State Flow
When the pressure at different locations in the reservoir is declining
linearly as a function of time, i.e., at a constant declining rate, the
flowing condition is characterized as the pseudosteady-state
flow. Mathematically, this definition states that the rate of change
of pressure with respect to time at every position is constant, or
(4-3)
where
A = drainage area, acres
L = length of the horizontal well, ft
b = half minor axis of an ellipse, ft
Method II
Joshi assumed that the horizontal well drainage area is an ellipse
and given by:
(5-2)
with
(5-3)
Where
reh = drainage radius of the horizontal well, ft
A = drainage area of the horizontal well, acres
Natural Flow Recovery
A thorough understanding of the flowing well is
necessary prior to placing it on artificial lift . There
are two surface conditions under which a flowing
well is produced , that is , it may be produced with
a choke at the surface or it may be produced with
no choke at the surface. The majority of all flowing
wells utilize surface chokes . Some of the reasons
for this are safety ; to maintain production
allowable ; to maintain an upper flow rate limit to
prevent sand entry ; to produce the reservoir at
the most efficient rate ; to prevent water or gas
coning ; and others.