Relative atomic mass and

molecular mass
m Actual mass of atoms are very small and
we have to use comparison.
m Relative atomic mass does not give the
actual mass but mass of the atom
relative to another atom choose as a
standard.
m No unit involved here
Relative atomic mass and
molecular mass
m ôirst hydrogen is used for comparison
because it is lightest atom
m It is not convenient to compare with
hydrogen
Not all elements react or release hydrogen in
reaction
Isotopes of hydrogen. Average mass of the
hydrogen atom is not one unit
Difficult to determine mass of hydrogen due to it
being gas
Margin for error
Relative atomic mass and
molecular mass
m 6
6 carbon was used to compare.
66 of a carbon atom has the same
mass of one hydrogen.
m 6 isotope was choose
Carbon 6 is . . Mass of isotope is
very small
Can be determine accurately using mass
spectrometer
Carbon exists in solid at room temperature
RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS
m Relative atomic mass of an element is
the average mass of one atom of the
element when compared to 66 of an
atom of carbon-6.
m Nucleon number is the relative atomic
mass of an atom.
RELATIVE MOLECULAR MASS
m 3he relative molecular mass can be
obtained from the sum of the relative
atomic masses of atoms in the molecule
m 3he relative molecular mass of a
molecule refers to the number of times
the mass of that molecule is heavier
than 66 of a carbon 6 atom
m Calculate relative formula mass of
NaCI
CuSO4.5HO
Relative Molecular Mass
„

 







 
Hydrogen H 6x  = 
Oxygen O 6
x  = 3
Chlorine Cl 35.5 x  = 76
hosphorus 4 36 x 4 = 64
Ammonia NH3 64 + (3 x 6 = 7
Water HO (6 x  + 6
= 6

    6 + 3(6 + 6 + (6

+ 6 =

Calculate the Molecular Mass (MM) of the
compound calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2
m 3he formula for calcium hydroxide is composed of one
calcium "atom" (actually an ion and two hydroxide ions.
Each hydroxide ion is composed of one hydrogen "atom"
(actually an ion and one oxygen "atom" (also an ion
m Atomic mass calcium = 4 . (from the eriodic 3able
Atomic mass hydrogen = 6. (from the eriodic 3able
Atomic mass of oxygen = 6
. (from the eriodic 3able
m Molecular Mass (MM for calcium hydroxide
= atomic mass calcium + ( x atomic mass oxygen +
( x atomic mass hydrogen
m Molecular Mass (MM = 4 . + ( x 6
.  + ( x 6. 
= 4 . + 3. + .
= 74. gmole
MOLE
m 3he number of particles in matter is measure
in moles
m One mole of matter contains
. x 6 3
particles.
m 3he symbol for the mole is mol. It is a number
with no units.
m 3he particles in the substances can be atoms
molecules or ions
m 3he constant
. x 6 3 is called Avogadro
Number NA
m Number of particles = Number of moles x
Avogadro constant
MOLAR MASS
m 3he mass of one mole of any substance is called the
molar mass
m ôor atom of elements the molar mass is the relative
atomic mass of the element expressed in grams
m 3he molar mass of carbon is 6 g because 6 g of
carbon contains one mole of carbon atoms
m ôor molecules the molar mass is relative molecular
mass of the substance expressed in grams
ôor example the relative molecular mass of water is 6
3he molar mass is 6g because 6g of water contains
one mole of H molecules
MOLAR GAS VOLUME
m All gases are made up of molecules
expect inert gases which are made of
atoms. Example of inert gas are He Ar Ne
m 3he volume of gas depends of the
temperature and pressure.
m According to Avogadro Law equal volumes
of all gases at the same temperature and
pressure contain the same number of
particles.
m 3he molar volume of any gas is the volume
occupied by one mole of particles
MOLAR GAS VOLUME
m One mole of gas has a volume of .4dm
cube at S3 (at zero Celcius and 6 A3M
m A3 rtp (5 Celcius and 6 A3M one mole of
gas has a volume of 4dm cube
m 3his is called the molar volume of gas at
rtp
m We know that mass of one mole of gas is
the relative molecular mass
Oxygen has molecular formula O thus relative
molecular mass is 3
So one mole  or 3 g of oxygen has a volume of
.4 at stp
Example 1
m Calculate the number of moles of an
atom which is found in 7g of nitrogen.
Relative atomic mass N = 64
m Number of moles = massrelative atomic
mass
m = 764
m = .5 mol
Example 2
m What is the mass in gram for .6 mol of
copper(II chloride CuCl
Relative
atomic mass Cl 35.5 and Cu =
4
m Number of moles = massrelative atomic
mass
m .5 =mass (6 + ( x6
 
m mass= .5 x 44
m =  g
CHEMICAL FORMULAE
m Each chemical compound is represented
by chemical formula which is an
expression of the rate of the atoms or ions
in the compound
m ôor example chemical formula of ethene
shows
Ethene is a combination of carbon and
hydrogen
 carbon atoms combines with 4 hydrogen
atoms
Relative molecular mass is  (6 *  + 6*4
CHEMICAL FORMULAE
m Ionic Compounds
Determined from charges of the ions in them
m Covalent compounds
Determined using valency electrons
Some electrons said to have variable
valencies
CHEMICAL FORMULAE OF IONIC
COMPOUND
CHEMICAL FORMULAE FOR IONIC
COMPOUNDS
m 3he number of positive charges always
equals to the number of negative
charges
m ôor example calcium hydroxide consists
of calcium ions Ca+ and hydroxide ion
OH-
m Hence the chemical formula of Calcium
hydroxide is Ca(OH
CHEMICAL FORMULA FOR
COVALENT COMPOUNDS
m Determine using experiment
EMPIRICAL FORMULAE
m Determine the percentage of mass of
each elements in a molecule or formula
m Divide this value by its relative atomic
mass to get number of moles of the
element
m Divide by the smallest number to obtain
the simplest ratio in integer form
m 3he number of atoms of the differences
elements is the empirical formula
EMPIRICAL FORMULAE
m ôor example n-hexane a chemical
compound has the molecular formula
CH3CHCHCHCHCH3 implying that it
has a straight chain structure
carbon
atoms and 64 hydrogen atoms.
Hexane's molecular formula is C
H64
and its empirical formula would be C3H7
showing a C:H ratio of 3:7
Copper OXIDE EMPRICAL
FORMULA
m Mass of combustion tube and porcelain
boat is measured and recorded
m Black copper (II is placed on the porcelain
boat and mass of the apparatus is
measured and recorded
m A stream of hydrogen gas is passed
through the anhydrous calcium chloride to
dry it
m 3he dry hydrogen gas is then passed over
the oxide sample to remove air in the tube
Copper OXIDE EMPRICAL
FORMULA
Copper OXIDE EMPRICAL
FORMULA
m When the gas burns quietly on exposure
to a flame the air in the tube has been
completely removed.
m 3he excess hydrogen gas lighted at the
jet in the combustion tube
m 3he copper II oxide is then heated
strongly
m When a reddish brown powder remains
the bunsen burner is turn off
Determine empirical formula for MgO
Discussion
m 3he empirical formula of magnesium oxide
is MgO. He simples ration of m and n
which were determined from the
experiment is 6:6
m recautionary steps
3he magnesium ribbon is cleaned with
sandpaper to get rid of the layer of magnesium
oxide on the surface
3he crubicle need to be covered with its lid
when the magnesium is heated to prevent part
of the magnesium oxide being released into the
surrounding in the form of white smoke
Example 1
m A compound has the emprical formula of
CH 3he relative molecular mass of the
compound is 5
. What is the molecular
formula of the compound
m (CH n = relative molecular mass
m n(6+ = 5

m 64n = 5

m n = 4. 3hus the molecular formula is
(CH4 or C4H
Example 2
m .3 g of metal X combines with .3
g
of non metal Y. What is the empirical
formula of this compound

„

  
Mass .3 .3

Number of moles .3
4 = . 5 .3
35.5 = . 6
Simplest ratio . 5 . 5 = 6 . 6  . 5 = 

m 3hus the empirical formula is XY

Example 3
m .g of an oxide of metal  contains
.  g of oxygen O What is the
empirical formula of this compound

„

  
Mass (g . ± .  = .6 . 
Number of moles .64 = . 5 . 6
= . 5
Simplest ration . 5 . 5 = 6 . 5 . 5 = 6

m 3hus the empirical formula is O