ELEMEN MESIN 1 (3 SKS)

KELAS B

Dr. Arhami, ST, MT

Jurusan Teknik Mesin

Fakultas Teknik
UNSYIAH

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 Sistem Rem
(Brakes System)

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Instructional Objectives:

After reading the lesson the students should learn:

Different types of shoe brakes and their operating
principles.
Design procedure of different shoe brakes.
Solving the brake problem.

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Brakes

Brakes are devices that dissipate kinetic energy of the

moving parts of a machine.

In mechanical brakes the dissipation is achieved

through sliding friction between a stationary object
and a rotating part.

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Hal-hal penting yang harus diperhatikan dalam desain rem:

Gaya penggerak rem

Daya yang dipindahkan
Energi yang hilang
Kenaikan suhu

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Prosedur analisis :
Mencari distribusi tekanan pada permukaan gesek.
Mencari hubungan tekanan maksimum dan tekanan
pada setiap titik.
Gunakan keseimbangan statis untuk : gaya gesek, daya,
reaksi.

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Types of brakes

Depending upon the direction of application of braking

force, the mechanical brakes are primarily of three types;

1. Shoe or block brakes braking force applied radially.

2. Band brakes braking force applied tangentially.
3. Disc brake braking force applied axially.

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1. Shoe or block brake

In a shoe brake the rotating drum is brought in contact

with the shoe by suitable force.
The contacting surface of the shoe is coated with friction
material.
Different types of shoe brakes are used;
- Single shoe brake,
- Double shoe brake,
- Internal expanding brake,
- External expanding brake.
These are sketched in Figure 1.

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 PF

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 P
F

10 PF
 F

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 P
F

Figure 1. Different shoe brakes

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 1.1. Single Shoe Brake

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1.1 Single Shoe brake

The force needed to secure contact is supplied by a

lever.

When a force F is applied to the shoe (see figure 1.a )

frictional force proportional to the applied force Ffr = '
F develops, where ' depends of friction material and the
geometry of the shoe.

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 x

P
F
Ft FN

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 F
Fn
Figure 1.a Free body diagram brakes shoe

Though the exact nature of the contact pressure

distribution is unknown, an approximation (based on
wear considerations) is made as;

p p0 cos ( )
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 po

2 = sudut kontak antara

roda dan bidang gesek
(brake shoe)

Figure 1.1b. Pressure distribution on brake

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Where the angle is measured from the centerline of
the shoe.
If Coulombs law of friction is assumed to hold good,
then;
f fr p0 cos ( )
Since the net normal force of the drum is F, one has,
0
r b p0 cos ( ) d F
0

Where r and b are the radius of the brake drum and width
of the shoe respectively.

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The total frictional torque is;
0
T b f fr ( ) r 2 d
0

If the total frictional force is assumed to be a concentrated

one, then the equivalent force becomes F fr T .
r
Tangential force: Ft Fn
Torsion: T Ft r Fn r

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For 2 > 60, friction coefficient are taken

4 sin 0

2 0 sin 2 0

It may be seen that for very small value of 0 , = .

Even when, 0 = 300, ' = 1.0453 .

Usually if the contact angle is below 600, the two

values of friction coefficient are taken to be equal.

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Case 1.

F
F FN
t

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 Roda berputar berlawanan arah jarum jam maka Ft ke kiri
Roda berputar searah jarum jam maka Ft ke kanan

Untuk menganalisis kasus I digunakan persamaan

keseimbangan statis:

M A 0
Fl
F l Fn x 0 Fn
x

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 Besarnya torsi pada rem:
Fl
T Ft r Fn r Fn
x

Fl
T r
x

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Case 2.
Consider, now single shoe brakes as shown in Figures
2(a) and 2(b).
Suppose a force F is applied at the end of a lever arm
with length l. The shoe placed at a distance x from
the hinge experiences a normal force FN and a
friction force Ffr or Ft whose direction depends upon
the sense of rotation of the drum.
Drawing free body diagram of the lever and taking
moment about the hinge one gets

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 L
x

a
Fn
F
Ft

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 F

O
Figure 2.a FBD shoe
Ft (CW drum rotation)

Fn
F

O
Ft
Figure 2.a FBD shoe
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Fn (CCW drum rotation)
 (a) for clockwise rotation of the brake wheel,
Fn. x + Ft .a = F . l where, Ft = Fn
Fn. x + Ft .a = F . l
Fn. x + Fn . a = F . l

Fl
Normal force: Fn
x a
Torsional brake rFl
T Ft r Fn r
x a

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 (b) for anticlockwise rotation of the brake wheel,
Fn. x Ft .a = F . l where, Ft = Fn
Fn. x Fn . a = F . l
Fn (x a) = F . l
Fl
Normal force: Fn
x a

rFl
Torsional brake T Ft r Fn r
x a
Where a is the distance between the hinge and the
line of action of Ft and is measured positive when Ft
acts below point O as shown in the figure.
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 Using Coulombs law of friction the following results
are obtained,

Fl
(a) for clockwise rotation F fr
xa

Fl
(b) for anticlockwise rotation F fr
xa

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Case 3.
L
x

Ft a Fn F

Gaya tangensial berada

di atas titik tumpuan O.

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Catatan :
Jika sudut kontak lebih dari 600 maka koefisien gesek yang
digunakan adalah koefisien gesek ekuivalen.
2 > 60, maka dipakai : koefisien gesek ekvivalen.
4 sin

2 sin 2

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 1.2. Double Shoe Brake

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1.2. Double shoe brake
Since in a single shoe brake normal force introduces
transverse loading on the shaft on which the brake
drum is mounted two shoes are often used to
provide braking torque.

The opposite forces on two shoes minimize the

transverse loading.

The analysis of the double shoe brake is very similar

to the single shoe brake.

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1.2.1 External expanding shoe brake

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Figure 3 Force distribution in externally expanding brake
 An external expanding shoe brake consists of two
symmetrically placed shoes having inner surfaces coated
with frictional lining.
Each shoe can rotate about respective fulcrum (say O1,
and O2 ).
A simple geometrical consideration reveals that this
distance is proportional to sine of the angle between the
line joining the pivot and the center of the drum and the
line joining the center and the chosen point.

This means p p0 sin ( )

where the angle is measured from line OO1 and is limited
as 1 2
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 Drawing the free body diagram of one of the shoes (left
shoe, for example) and writing the moment equilibrium
equation about O1 (say) the following equation is
resulted for clockwise rotation of the drum:

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 F1 l M p M f

Where F1 is the force applied at the end of

the shoe, and

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 where is the distance between the center and the pivot
(OO1 in figure 3) and is the distance from the pivot to
the line of action of the force F1 (O1C in the figure).
In a similar manner the force to be applied at the other
shoe can be obtained from the equation.
F2 l M p M f
The net braking torque in this case is

T p0 bR2 (cos 1 cos 2 )

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Internal expanding shoe brake
The analysis runs in the similar fashion as that of an
external shoe brake. The forces required are

F1 M p M f / l
and F2 M p M f / l

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Referenches recomendation
Modul 12, Machine Elements, IIT Kharagfur.
Shigley, (1977), Mechanical Engineering Design, McGrow
Hill.
Juvinall, (1983), Fundamental of Machine Componen Design,
John Wiley.
Niemann, (1978), Machine Elements, Vol. 2, Springer Verlag.
Spotts, M.F, (1985), Design of Machine Elements, 6th edition,
Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
Sularso. (2000) Dasar perencanaan dan pemilihan elemen
mesin. Jakarta : PT. Pradnya Paramita.

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Contoh 1.
Rem blok tunggal seperti Gambar 4. Diameter drum rem
(brake drum)/roda = 25 cm. Dan sudut kontak 90 . jika gaya
yang diperlukan untuk mengoperasikan rem 700 N dan
koefisien gesek antara drum dan sepatu rem : 0,35. Cari
torsi yang dapat ditransmisikan oleh rem tersebut.

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Jawab

Karena 2 > 60o

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Contoh 2.
Rem blok ganda dapat digunakan untuk menyerap torsi
1400 N.m. diameter drum rem 350 mm dan sudut kontak
setiap sepatu 100.
Jika koefisien gesek antara drum dan lining 0,4.
Hitung
a) Gaya pegas yang diperlukan untuk operasional drum.
b) Lebar sepatu rem, b, jika p = 0,3 N/mm2.

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Jawab
Diketahui:

0.3

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 Fn1 < Fn2 , digunakan Fn2 untuk mencari lebar
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bidang gesek (b)
Dari persamaan tekanan pada bidang
kontak

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REM TROMOL

Rem tromol (internal expanding brake) merupakan jenis rem

yang banyak digunakan pada bidang otomotif, seperti
sepeda motor dan mobil.
Penggerak rem dapat berupa gaya pegas dengan
menggunakan cam atau menggunakan sistem hidrolik.

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 Cam
Brake Lining

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PENAMPANG REM TROMOL
Cara kerja rem tromol:
Cam dengan bantuan tali penggerak, diubah posisinya dari vertikal
ke horisontal.
Pada posisi horisontal, cam akan menekan brake lining kearah kiri
dan kanan sehingga bergesekan dengan drum. Jika tekanan cam
diperbesar maka gesekan antara brake lining dengan drum juga
makin besar sehingga drum berhenti berputar.
Jika proses pengereman ingin dihentikan, dilakukan dengan
mengembalikan cam ke posisi vertikal atau melepas tegangan
tali rem, akibat gaya pegas, S1 dan S2, maka brake lining akan
kembali ke posisi awal (rem terlepas).
Jika fungsi cam diganti dengan sistem hidrolik, maka tekanan ke
brake lining ke drum dilakukan oleh aliran fluida hidrolik.

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Terminologi Rem Tromol

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Keterangan:
Misal : drum berputar berlawanan arah jarum jam.
Bagian kiri sepatu rem (1) disebut dengan leading or
primary shoe.
Bagian kanan sepatu rem (2) disebut dengan trailing or
secondary shoe
r : jari-jari dalam drum
b : lebar brake lining
p1 : tekanan maksimum
pn : tekanan normal
F1 : gaya pada cam dengan arah sepatu rem 1 (leading)
F2 : gaya pada cam dengan arah sepatu rem 2 (trailing)

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CARA KERJA REM HIDROLIS

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KOMPONEN SISTEM REM HIDROLIS

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Gaya Pedal Rem

x2 a

61 x1
PEDAL REM
berfungsi : penekan mula pada rem hidrolis
Prinsip Tuas
Prinsip tuas ini berlaku pada pedal rem sebagai berikut :
Daya yang bekerja
a
F1 a F2 b F2 F1
F1 : Tenaga pedal b
F2 : Output push rod b
a : Jarak dari pedal rem ke flucrum
b : Jarak dari push rod ke tumpuan
Panjang gerakan : x2 a

x2 b a b
x1 x 2 x 2 x1
x1 a b a
a : Panjang gerakan pedal (pedal edge) x1
b : Panjang gerakan push rod
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 Torsi pengereman untuk satu sepatu rem diperoleh
dari integrasi torsi pengereman elemen dengan batas
1 sd. 2.

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 Jika harga: TB total, Mn dan MF diketahui, maka besar gaya
pengereman dapat di cari (F1 dan F2) dapat dihitung.
Untuk sepatu rem 1 (leading shoe) terhadap O1 :
F1 x L = Mn MF
Untuk sepatu rem 2 (trailing shoe) terhadap O2 :
F2 x L = Mn + MF
Jika MF > Mn maka rem akan terjadi self locking (terkunci).
Pada proses pengereman harus dihindari pengeraman
mendadak yang mengakibatkan MF > Mn. Jika hal ini terjadi
maka roda akan berhenti berputar dan bergerak
tergelincir sehingga roda sulit untuk dikontrol.
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Contoh Soal
1. Sebuah rem tromol dengan data-data seperti pada gambar.
Gaya F1 bekerja pada pusat O1 (tumpuan). Gaya F2
bekerja pada pusat O2 (tumpuan). Lebar rem 3,5 cm.
Tekanan maksimum : 4 kg/cm2, koefisien gesek : 0,4.
Hitung besarnya torsi pengereman dan gaya F1 dan F2
yang bekerja pada sepatu rem terhadap O1 dan O2.

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 QnA

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