HOMEOSTASIS

PENGATURAN VOLUME CAIRAN,

ELEKTROLIT DAN KESEIMBANGAN
ASAM BASA TUBUH

dr. Khairun Nisa, Mkes., AIFO

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN
UNIVERSITAS LAMPUNG
2014

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education,

Inc., publishing as Benjamin
Cummings.
Plan of Human Body

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education,

Inc., publishing as Benjamin
Cummings.
Figure 1.4
 Interior of body separated from external
environment by a layer of epithelial tissue
Lumen of respiratory system, gastrointestinal
system, and urinary system are part of external
environment

The Bodys External Environment Copyright 2005 Pearson Education,

Inc., publishing as Benjamin
Cummings.
 Internal environment = fluid surrounding cells

The Bodys Internal Environment Copyright 2005 Pearson Education,

Inc., publishing as Benjamin
Cummings.
Exchange Between External and
Internal Environment
Between blood and external environment
Lungs
Gastrointestinal tract
Kidneys

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education,

Inc., publishing as Benjamin
Cummings.
 Internal environment = fluid surrounding cells =
extracellular fluid (ECF)
70 kg man
-Total body water = 42 liters
28 liters intracellular fluid (ICF)
14 liters extracellular fluid (ECF)
-3 liters plasma
-11 liters interstitial fluid (ISF)

Body Fluid Compartments Copyright 2005 Pearson Education,

Inc., publishing as Benjamin
Cummings.
Body Fluid Compartments
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education,
Inc., publishing as Benjamin
Cummings.
Figure 1.5
II. Homeostasis:
A Central Organizing Principle of
Physiology
Negative Feedback Control in Homeostasis

Homeostasis in Action: Thermoregulation

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education,

Inc., publishing as Benjamin
Cummings.
Homeostasis
1. Definition Maintenance of stable
conditions in the internal
environment
2. Importance of homeostasis:
A. Homeostasis is essential for survival of
cells Why? Insight 1.3 (Men in the Oven
for 45 minutes; p. 18)
B. Cells make up the body systems
C. Homeostasis is the central theme of
physiology How? via cells/body
systems

9
 Maintain

Body (organ) systems Homeostasis

Is essential
for
Make up
survival
of

Cells

10
Homeostasis
3. The internal environment is dynamic
and equilibrium (steady) state
dynamic?
equilibrium (steady) state?

What parameters are

homeostatically regulated?
Chemical factors
Physical factors
11
Regulation of homeostasis by
Negative feedback
1. Definition change in a factor
(controlled variable) triggers a
physiological response that seeks to
restore the factor by OPPOSING the
initial change
2. Examplecontrol of room/body
temperature

12
Regulation of homeostasis by
Negative feedback--B
3. Three components of a control system
A. Sensor (receptor) monitors the control
variable (for example, room temp.); what
is the sensor?
B. Integrating (control) center it compares
the sensors input with the set point and
sends instructions to effector
C. Effector action component that . . .

Figure 1.9 (a-b)

13
Sensor?
Integrating
center?
Effector?

14
Fig. 1.9(b) Fluctuation of room
temperature around the thermostatic set
point

15
Fig. 1.10 Negative feedback in
human thermoregulation.

Figure 1.11

16
Positive feedback & rapid change

1. Definition change in a factor

triggers a physiological response
that AMPLIFIES an initial change

2. Example in the birth of a baby;

how?

17
 Figure 1.12--Positive
feedback in childbirth

Next
slide

18
19
20
21
Positive feedback & rapid change
3. Details of birth of a baby
Uterine contractions push the
baby against the cervix
the stretching of the cervix
triggers nerve impulses
brings about oxytocin
secretion
The hormone oxytocin causes
even stronger powerful
contractions of the uterus
22
 Process of maintaining stable internal
environment compatible for life

Most organ systems contribute to homeostasis

Exception: reproductive system

Homeostasis Copyright 2005 Pearson Education,

Inc., publishing as Benjamin
Cummings.
 Primary mechanism for maintaining
homeostasis
External change triggers change in regulated
variable in internal environment triggers
reaction to oppose the change and return
regulated variable toward normal (set point)

Negative Feedback Control in

Homeostasis Copyright 2005 Pearson Education,
Inc., publishing as Benjamin
Cummings.
 Set point = desired level of regulated variable
Sensors detect level of regulated variable and
provide input to integrating center
Integrating center compares set point to actual
level of regulated variable
Error signal = difference between actual level and
set point
Integrating center sends output to effectors to
return regulated variable toward set point

Negative Feedback Mechanisms Copyright 2005 Pearson Education,

Inc., publishing as Benjamin
Cummings.
Negative Feedback Control of Car
Speed Copyright 2005 Pearson Education,
Inc., publishing as Benjamin
Cummings.
Figure 1.6a, b
Negative Feedback Control of
Body Temperature Copyright 2005 Pearson Education,
Inc., publishing as Benjamin
Cummings.
Figure 1.6c, d
Negative Feedback Loop
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education,
Inc., publishing as Benjamin
Cummings.
Figure 1.7
 Positive feedback loops
cause a rapid change in
a variable.

Positive Feedback Loop

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education,
Inc., publishing as Benjamin
Cummings.
Figure 1.8
 Homeothermic animals regulate body
temperature within a narrow range

Poikilothermic animals do not regulate body

temperature

Thermoregulation Copyright 2005 Pearson Education,

Inc., publishing as Benjamin
Cummings.
 Normal body temperature = set point
Differs in animal species
Humans: 37oC (98.6oF)
Hypothermia = decrease in body temperature
Hyperthermia = increase in body temperature
above 41oC, dangerous
above 43oC, deadly

Homeothermic Animals Copyright 2005 Pearson Education,

Inc., publishing as Benjamin
Cummings.
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer
Between Body and External
Environment
Radiation - thermal energy as electromagnetic
waves
Conduction - thermal energy through contact
Evaporation - heat loss through evaporation of
water
insensible water loss
sweating
Convection - heat transfer by movement of fluid
or air
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education,
Inc., publishing as Benjamin
Cummings.
 Thermoregulatory system maintains core
body temperature
Detectors - thermoreceptors (central and
peripheral)
Integrator - hypothalamus
Effectors - sweat glands, blood vessels in
skin, skeletal muscles

Components of Thermoregulatory
System
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education,
Inc., publishing as Benjamin
Cummings.
 Range of outside temperature where
alterations in blood flow alone regulates
body temperature

25-30oC
Body temperature increase:
blood flow to skin increases
Body temperature decrease:
blood flow to skin decreases

Thermoneutral Zone Copyright 2005 Pearson Education,

Inc., publishing as Benjamin
Cummings.
Negative Feedback Control of
Body Temperature Copyright 2005 Pearson Education,
Inc., publishing as Benjamin
Cummings.
Figure 1.9a, b
Thermoregulation Copyright 2005 Pearson Education,
Inc., publishing as Benjamin
Cummings.
Figure 1.9c
 Fever accompanies infections
White blood cells secrete pyrogens
Body temperature set point increases
Fever enhances immune response

Fever Copyright 2005 Pearson Education,

Inc., publishing as Benjamin
Cummings.
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education,
Inc., publishing as Benjamin
Cummings.
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education,
Inc., publishing as Benjamin
Cummings.