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Y F ( K, AN )
Y AN
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 1 of 32
13-1 Productivity, Output, and Unemployment
in the Short Run
Chapter 13: Technological Progress: The Short, the Medium, and the Long Run
Y F ( K, AN )
N=Y/A
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 2 of 32
13-1 Productivity, Output, and Unemployment
in the Short Run
Chapter 13: Technological Progress: The Short, the Medium, and the Long Run
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 3 of 32
13-1 Productivity, Output, and Unemployment
in the Short Run
Chapter 13: Technological Progress: The Short, the Medium, and the Long Run
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 4 of 32
13-1 Productivity, Output, and Unemployment
in the Short Run
Chapter 13: Technological Progress: The Short, the Medium, and the Long Run
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 5 of 32
13-1 Productivity, Output, and Unemployment
in the Short Run
Chapter 13: Technological Progress: The Short, the Medium, and the Long Run
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 6 of 32
13-1 Productivity, Output, and Unemployment
in the Short Run
Chapter 13: Technological Progress: The Short, the Medium, and the Long Run
Figure 13 - 3
Labor Productivity and
Output Growth in the
United States since 1960
There is a strong positive
relation between output growth
and productivity growth. But the
causality runs from output
growth to productivity growth,
not the other way around.
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 7 of 32
13-1 Productivity, Output, and Unemployment
in the Short Run
Chapter 13: Technological Progress: The Short, the Medium, and the Long Run
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 8 of 32
13-2 Productivity and the Natural Rate
of Unemployment
Chapter 13: Technological Progress: The Short, the Medium, and the Long Run
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 9 of 32
13-2 Productivity and the Natural Rate
of Unemployment
Chapter 13: Technological Progress: The Short, the Medium, and the Long Run
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 10 of 32
13-2 Productivity and the Natural Rate
of Unemployment
Chapter 13: Technological Progress: The Short, the Medium, and the Long Run
If firms set their price equal to 1+ times cost, the price level is
given by:
W
Price setting P (1 )
A
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 11 of 32
13-2 Productivity and the Natural Rate
of Unemployment
Chapter 13: Technological Progress: The Short, the Medium, and the Long Run
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 12 of 32
13-2 Productivity and the Natural Rate
of Unemployment
Chapter 13: Technological Progress: The Short, the Medium, and the Long Run
W A
P 1
The real wage paid by firms, W/P, increases one for
one with productivity, A. Higher productivity leads to
a lower price set by firms given the nominal wage;
therefore, the real wage rate rises.
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 13 of 32
13-2 Productivity and the Natural Rate
of Unemployment
Chapter 13: Technological Progress: The Short, the Medium, and the Long Run
Figure 13 - 4
The Effects of an
Increase in Productivity
on the Natural Rate of
Unemployment
An increase in productivity
shifts both the wage and the
price-setting curves by the
same proportion and thus has
no effect on the natural rate.
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 14 of 32
13-2 Productivity and the Natural Rate
of Unemployment
Chapter 13: Technological Progress: The Short, the Medium, and the Long Run
W
AF (u, z)
P
The real wage rate depends on both the level of
productivity and the unemployment rate.
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 15 of 32
13-2 Productivity and the Natural Rate
of Unemployment
Chapter 13: Technological Progress: The Short, the Medium, and the Long Run
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 16 of 32
13-2 Productivity and the Natural Rate
of Unemployment
Chapter 13: Technological Progress: The Short, the Medium, and the Long Run
Figure 13 - 5
Productivity Growth and
Unemployment
Averages by Decade,
1890 to 2000
There is little relation between the
10-year averages of productivity
growth and the 10-year averages
of the unemployment rate. If
anything, higher productivity
growth is associated with lower
unemployment.
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 17 of 32
13-2 Productivity and the Natural Rate
of Unemployment
Chapter 13: Technological Progress: The Short, the Medium, and the Long Run
Figure 13 - 6
The Effects of a
Decrease in Productivity
Growth on the
Unemployment Rate
When Expectations of
Productivity Growth
Adjust Slowly
If it takes time for workers to
adjust their expectations of
productivity growth, a slowdown
in productivity growth will lead to
an increase in the natural rate for
some time.
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 18 of 32
13-2 Productivity and the Natural Rate
of Unemployment
Chapter 13: Technological Progress: The Short, the Medium, and the Long Run
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 19 of 32
13-3 Technological Progress, Churning,
and Distribution Effects
Chapter 13: Technological Progress: The Short, the Medium, and the Long Run
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 20 of 32
Chapter 13: Technological Progress: The Short, the Medium, and the Long Run
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 21 of 32
13-3 Technological Progress, Churning,
and Distribution Effects
Chapter 13: Technological Progress: The Short, the Medium, and the Long Run
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 22 of 32
13-3 Technological Progress, Churning,
and Distribution Effects
Chapter 13: Technological Progress: The Short, the Medium, and the Long Run
Figure 13 - 7
Evolution of Relative
Wages, by Education
Level, 1973 to 2005
Since the early 1980s, the
relative wages of workers with a
low education level have fallen;
the relative wages of workers
with a high education level have
risen.
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 23 of 32
13-3 Technological Progress, Churning,
and Distribution Effects
Chapter 13: Technological Progress: The Short, the Medium, and the Long Run
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 24 of 32
13-3 Technological Progress, Churning,
and Distribution Effects
Chapter 13: Technological Progress: The Short, the Medium, and the Long Run
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 25 of 32
13-4 Institutions, Technological Progress,
and Growth
Chapter 13: Technological Progress: The Short, the Medium, and the Long Run
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 26 of 32
13-4 Institutions, Technological Progress,
and Growth
Chapter 13: Technological Progress: The Short, the Medium, and the Long Run
Figure 13 - 8
Protection from
Expropriation and GDP
per Person
There is a strong positive relation
between the degree of protection
from expropriation and the level
of GDP per person.
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Chapter 13: Technological Progress: The Short, the Medium, and the Long Run
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Chapter 13: Technological Progress: The Short, the Medium, and the Long Run
Figure 1 PPP GDP per Person,North and South Korea, 1950 to 1998
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 29 of 32
Chapter 13: Technological Progress: The Short, the Medium, and the Long Run
technological unemployment
structural change
creative destruction
churning
jobless recovery
skill-biased technological progress
property rights
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 31 of 32