Teledrift Argentina

Training Course
TEMA 5
Columna Perforadora (1)
(Drilling String)
 Componentes
Columna Perforadora es
la longitud total de
tubera en el pozo
mientras se perfora un
pozo
Compuesta de:
Barras de sondeo
Conjunto de fondo (BHA)
integrado por las barras
de pared gruesa , los
portamechas y el trpano
A)Rotary shouldered
connections
CONNECTIONS HAVE BEEN EVOLVING
INNOVATING AND CHANGING
CONSTANTLY FOR THE LAST DECADES

THIS LEAD TO A SITUATION IN WHICH A SINGLE

CONNECTION IS CALLED BY MORE THAN ONE NAME
I.E.: NC50 (4 1/2 IF)
 CONNECTION NOMENCLATURE(THREAD FORM)
IF CONNECTION HAS ITS STANDARD V-065 THREAD
FORM IT IS PROPERLY CALLED 4 1/2IF.
V-065 IS NEVER USED ANYMORE, EXCEPT BY ACCIDENT.
INSTEAD, WE USE MOSTLY IMPROVED V-038R
(SMOOTHER).
IF CONNECTION HAS THE V-038R THREAD FORM, IT IS
PROPERLY CALLED NC-50.
CONCLUSION: WHAT WE CALL IF AND XH
CONNECTIONS TODAY REALLY ARENT, BUT ARE NC.
 CONNECTION NOMENCLATURE(TUBE)

4 1/2IF REFERS TO 4 1/2 INCH INTERNAL FLUSH

DRILLPIPE
4 1/2 IN THE CONNECTION NAME ACTUALLY REFERS
TO WHAT THE DRILL PIPE DIAMETER USED TO BE.
IF REFERS TO WHAT THE UPSET STYLE USED TO BE.
INSTEAD, TODAY 4 1/2 IF (REALLY NC-50) CONNECTION
IS USED PRIMARILY ON 5 INTERNALLY UPSET PIPE.
OTHER OBSOLET CONNECTIONS BESIDES IFs ARE:
X-HOLES
DOUBLE-STREAMLINES
OPEN HOLES SEMI-INTERNAL FLUSHES
SLIM HOLES
PACs
WIDE OPENS
H-90s
EXTERNAL FLUSHES
 API NC CONNECTION
NC STANDS FOR NUMBERED CONNECTION
THE No. SIGNIFIES THE PITCH DIAMETER FOR THE CONNECTION
AT THE GAUGE POINT (5/8 FROM THE SHOULDER).
ALL NCs SIZED NC-23 AND ABOVE USE THE V-038R THREAD FORM.
 API REG CONNECTION

REG STANDS FOR REGULAR

THE No. REFERS TO THE DRILL PIPE SIZE ON WHICH
THE CONNECTION USED TO BE (BUT IS NO LONGER)
USED.
REGULAR CONNECTION CONTINUE TO BE OF CHOICE
FOR BHA COMPONENTS, EVEN THOUGH THEY ARE
INFERIOR TO NCs OF THE SAME BENDING STRENGTH
RATIO BECAUSE THEY HAVE SHARPER ROOT RADIUS.
REASONS FOR NOT CHANGING TO NCs ARE:
HABIT
$
 API FH CONNECTION
FH STANDS FOR FULL HOLE.
OBSOLETE SINCE 1968 WITH EXCEPTION OF 5-1/2FH
AND 6-5/8FH.

H-90 CONNECTION

90 REFERS TO THEIR SHALLOW 90 DEGREE ANGLE.

ORIGINALLY A PROPIETARY PRODUCT OF HUGHES
TOOL COMPANY.
OBSOLETE SINCE 1968.
H-90 THREAD FORMS ARE STILL COMMON ON BHA
COMPONENTS.
 GRANT/TFW SST CONNECTION

PATENTED DESIGN FOR TOOL JOINT PINS.

IT IS AN NC PIN WITH A ROUNDED-OUT THREAD FLANK
THAT GIVES A ROOT RADIUS OF 0.057(COMPARED TO
NCs 0.038)
THE BOXES ARE IDENTICAL TO NC BOXES OF THE
SAME SIZE.
THE BENEFIT IS IMPROVED FATIGUE PERFORMANCE.
HOWEVER, FATIGUE IS RARE FAILURE MODE IN DRILL
PIPE TOOL JOINTS (STIFFER THAN THE TUBE).
IRONICALLY, SSTs ARE RARELY FOUND IN BHA
COMPONENTS WHERE THEIR LARGER THREAD ROOT
RADIUS WOULD BE MOST BENEFITIAL.
 GRANT/TFW HI-TORQUE CONNECTION

PATENTED DESIGN FOR TOOL JOINT PINS.

IT IS AN NC PIN WITH AN ADDITIONAL TORQUE
SHOULDER AT THE PIN.
ADVANTAGES: GIVES TORTIONAL CAPACITIES 40-60 %
HIGHER THAN THE ORIGINAL NC.
DIS-ADVANTAGES:
HIGHER COST
REDUCED AVAILABILITY
SACRIFICED FIELD REPAIRABILITY
 OTHER CONNECTIONS
PAC:
Very popular for 2 3/8 and 2 7/8 DP and small DCs.
Good clearance, but very low tensile and torsional capacity.
Still use V-065 thread form (very fatigue prone). However
they rarely survice tensile and torsional loads enough to
fail by fatigue.
PAC-HT:
Increase torsional capacity by placing another torque
shoulder on the pin tip (copied from Grant).
NIPPON HIGH STRENGTH TOOL JOINT:
Nippon is said to be introducing a tool joint with a minimum
Yield Strength of 150KSI (25% higher than std).
 DRILL COLLAR CONNECTION TORSIONAL
STRENGTH
DRILL COLLARS CONNECTIONS HAVE DIFFERENT
MATERIAL MINIMUM YIELD STRENGTHS THAN TOOL
JOINTS.
DRILL COLLAR TORSIONAL STRENGTH WILL BE
DIFFERENT FROM THAT OF THE TOOL JOINTS OF THE
SAME DIMENSION.
TORSIONAL CAPACITY IS RARELY A CONCERN AS
CONNECTIONS ARE USUALLY LARGER AND SUBJECT
TO LOWER LOADS TS = MUT / f

TS = Torsional strength
MUT= Makeup torque
f= Fraction of torsional yield
strength
 MAKE UP TORQUE
MAKE UP FORCES THE PIN AND BOX
SHOULDERS TIGHTLY TOGETHER AND KEEPS
THEM TOGETHER WHEN HIGH DOWNHOLE
SIDE LOADS OCCUR.
MAKE UP STRETCHES PINS AND COMPRESSES
BOXES.
THE BOXES ARE IDENTICAL TO NC BOXES OF
THE SAME SIZE.
ELASTIC DISPLACEMENTS KEEPS A PROPERLY
MADE UP CONNECTION FROM LEAKING, EVEN
WHEN THE CONNECTION IS BENT BY HIGH
SIDE LOADS.
 MAKE UP TORQUE VALUE CONSIDERATIONS
MUT FOR TOOL JOINTS IS DETERMINED ONLY BY PIN ID OR BOX
OD AS ALL TOOL JOINTS (EXCEPT HWDP) HAVE THE SAME YIELD
STRENGTH (12000 PSI).
STANDARD TOOL JOINT MUT IS THE ONE THAT WOULD
STRESS THE PIN OR BOX TO 72000 PSI OR 60% OF ITS MYS.
MAKE UP PAST A GIVEN POINT DECREASES THE TENSILE
CAPACITY OF THE CONNECTION PIN
DRILL COLLAR YIELD STRENGTH IS NOT CONSTANT, AND MAKE
UP TORQUE IS CALCULATED TO INDUCE A STRESS FROM 56200
TO 87500 PSI, DEPENDING ON THE CONNECTION.
MUT BETWEEN TJ AND BHA COMPONENTS OF THE SAME
DIMENTIONS ARE NOT INTERCHANGEABLE.
MUT FOR NEW CONNECTIONS ARE INTENDED FOR BREAK-IN
ONLY.
 FRICTION FACTOR OF THE THREAD DOPE

DOPE COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION IS A COMPONENT OF

THE MUT EQUATION

Revised MUT = MUT x friction factor

A SLICKER DOPE (friction factor < 1.0) WILL NOT ONLY

REDUCE MUT BUT WILL REDUCE TORSIONAL
STRENGTH AS WELL.
 GAUGE POINT PITCH DIAMETER

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PD IS THAT FOR A PIN AND

BOX TO MATE PROPERLY, THEIR PDs MUST BE
EQUAL.
IF PIN IS BIGGER THAN THE BOX, THREAD
INTERFERENCE WILL PREVENT FULL SHOULDER
ENGAGEMENT ON MAKEUP.
REFACING CREATES THESE PROBLEM BY
INCREASING PITCH DIAMETER ON PINS AND/OR
REDUCING BOX PD.
 SPECIAL FEATURES ON BHA CONNECTIONS
STRESS RELIEF FEATURES: SHOULD BE CUT ON A
BHA CONNECTION. THEY PROVIDE LONGER
FATIGUE LIFE FOR THE CONNECTION.

LOW TORQUE FACE: ONLY ON VERY LARGE DCs TO

REDUCE THE BEVEL REQUIRED TO ALLOW PROPER
MAKEUP.
B). Drill String Design
 OBJECTIVES

KEEP THE MAXIMUM STRESS AT ANY POINT IN THE

DRILL STRING LESS THAN YIELD STRENGTH
DERATED BY A DESIGN FACTOR.
SELECT COMPONENTS AND CONFIGURE
ASSEMBLIES TO RETARD FATIGUE AS MUCH AS
ECONOMICALLY PRACTICAL.
PROVIDE EQUIPMENT THAT IS RESISTANT TO
HYDROGEN SULFIDE IF H2S IS EXPECTED.
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS TO REDUCE FATIGUE

ELIMINATE BUCKLING IN NWDP IF STRING IS TO BE ROTATED

SELECT SMOOTH GEOMETRIC TRANSITIONS.
SPECIFY MINIMUM FRACTURE TOUGHNESS IN THE DRILL
STRING MATERIAL.
SPECIFY AN INTERNAL UPSET GEOMETRY ON NEW DRILL PIPE
THAT WILL NOT MAGNIFY STRESS.
REDUCE THE NUMBER AND SEVERITY OF STRESS
CONCENTRATORS DUE TO POOR HANDLING PRACTICES
ALWAYS KEEP DOG LEG SEVERITY AS SMALL AS POSSIBLE.
MONITOR AND CONTROL DRILL STRING VIBRATION.
MONITOR AND DECRESE CORROSIVENESS OF THE MUD
SYSTEM.
 DRILL STRING BUCKLING

BUCKLING A BHA COMPONENT WHILE

SIMULTANEOUSLY ROTATING IT IS ALMOST
CERTAINLY THE MAIN CAUSE OF FATIGUE IN BHA
CONNECTIONS.
BUCKLING NWDP IS ALSO A CAUSE OF DRILL
STRING FATIGUE, BUT CAN AND SHOULD BE
AVOIDED IN NEARLY ALL ROTARY DRILLING
SITUATIONS.
DCs AND HWDPs ARE THE MORE BUCKLING
TOLERANT COMPONENTS AND SHOULD BE RUN IN
TEH BUCKLED ZONE.
 DESIGN FACTORS
DESIGN FACTORS PROVIDE AN EXTRA MARGIN OF
CAPACITY TO TAKE CARE OF INEXACTNESS IN OUR
ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT MATERIAL PROPERTIES,
LOADS AND HOLE CONDITIONS;
FOR TENSION (DFt): Factor used to derate the
tensile load capacity (Pt) to obtain allowable load
(Pa).Many operators use a DFt of 1.1
Pa = Pt / DFt

MARGIN OF OVERPULL (MOP): Design excess pull

capacity avobe working load (Pw). It may vary from
50 to 150 Klbs. depending on hole conditions.
Pw = Pa - MOP
 DESIGN FACTORS (Cont.)
FOR EXCESS BHA WEIGHT (DFbha): Chosen to ensure
that neutral point stays below the top of the BHA. The
recommended minimum value for DFbha is 1.15.
FOR TORSION: Not used as applied torsion is limited
to tool joint MUT and TJ are almost weaker in torsion
than the tubes theyre attached.
FOR COLLAPSE PRESSURE (DFc): Collapse pressure
capacities (Pc) are first derated to account for the
effect of any simultaneous tension, then the derated
capacity is further reduced by dividing by the collapse
design factor.
 DESIGN PROCEDURE
1.- SELECT DRILL COLLAR DIAMETER
Select the largest DC availabe.
Large diameter DCs will provide;
increased stiffness,
more directional stability,
fewer connections for a desire WOB,
Less likelihood of differential sticking,
Less lateral freedom of movement,
Decreased buckling stress and rate of connection fatigue.
Other factors that need to be considered for DC selection;
Fishability considerations,
Capabilities of the rig handling equipment,
Directional control requirements,
Hydraulics,
Desired exterior features (Spiraling, elevator groove, etc.)
 DESIGN PROCEDURE (Cont.)
2.- SELECT BHA CONNECTIONS AND
FEATURES
2.1.- BENDING STRESS RATIO (BSR): Is a ratio of relative
stiffness of the box to the pin for a given connection.
Unbalaced connections will accelerate fatigue on the weaker
member.

Connection between DCs and HWDPs need to be checked. If a

non-bottleneck crossover is used and DC OD is larger than
TJ OD then BSR will be extremelly high and connection will
be prone to fatigue failure in the bottom joint of HWDP.
 DESIGN PROCEDURE (Cont.)
2.- SELECT BHA CONNECTIONS AND
FEATURES
2.2.- BHA Connection thread form: Full root radius
thread forms should be used in all BHAs to
maximize fatigue resistance. (API Reg, NC and FH).
2.3.- Stress Relief Feature: Stress relief feature
should be specified on all BHA connections NC-38
and larger. For smaller connections it may weaken
connection tensile and torsional strength.
2.4.- BHA connection Torsional Strength: Since
BHA connections are usally subjected to lower
torsional loads than connections above it should
be checked when running tapered assemblies, slim
assemblies, PACs connections or Stick Slip is
expected to occur.
 DESIGN PROCEDURE (Cont.)
3.- STABILIZER AND JAR PLACEMENT
3.1.- Stabilizer placement will be determined by
directional considerations, however they will
impact other design concerns;
Stbs reduce connection stress by restricting lateral
movements.
Stbs may increase chances of becoming mechanical
stuck. However stbs dont have hydration capabilities that
cause mechanical sticking. If this is a concern then mud
properties should be adjusted.
Stbs can reduce the probability of differential sticking.
3.2.- The best placement for Jars is immediatelly
above stuck point. The main consideration for jar
placement is preventing jar fatigue failure.
DONT RUN JARS BUCKLED AT ANY TIME
 DESIGN PROCEDURE (Cont.)
4.- DETERMINE LENGTH OF DRILL COLLARS
It will be determined in part by wheter or not HWDP
is to be used for WOB and by BHA configuration.
If Type A is used

Ldc = (WOB x Dfbha)/(Wdc x Kb x cos @)

@ = Maximum hole angle at BHA

Wdc = Air weight of drill collars

If a Type B or C is used, the

number of DC is determined by
directional control, equipment
availability or other considerations.
 DESIGN PROCEDURE (Cont.)

5.- DETERMINE LENGTH OF HWDP

If Type A is used the amount of HWDP for transition is
based on experience. (12 to 30 is the common range).
If a Type B or C is used
 DESIGN PROCEDURE (Cont.)

6.- DETERMINE LENGTH OF DP

Maximum length of first DP section

Maximum length of second DP section

Maximum length of third DP section

 DESIGN PROCEDURE (Cont.)

7.- DETERMINE NET COLLAPSE PRESSURE ON

DP
 DESIGN PROCEDURE (Cont.)

8.- COMBINE LOADING

Simultaneous tension reduces drill pipe collapse

pressure capacity, and vice-versa.
Simultaneous torsion reduces drill pipe tensile
capacity, and vice-versa.
Connection makeup past a given point reduces
connection tensile capacity.
Simultaneous tension reduces the torsional yield
strength of pin-weak connections.
 DESIGN PROCEDURE (Cont.)
8.- COMBINE LOADING (Cont.)
8.1.- Derate Collapse Pressure Capacity for
Simultaneous Tension
First express the axial load as a percento MYS and calculate
percent of nominal collapse resistance from the ellipse of
biaxial yield stress.

Next multiply the nominal collapse capacity by derating factor

to obtain the derated collapse capacity.
Finally apply DFc to calculate allowable collapse pressure.
 DESIGN PROCEDURE (Cont.)

8.- COMBINE LOADING (Cont.)

8.2.- Derate Drill Pipe Load Capacity for Simultaneous
Tension/Torsion:
 DESIGN PROCEDURE (Cont.)

8.- COMBINE LOADING (Cont.)

8.3.- Derate Tool Joint Load Capacity at applied Makeup
Torque
 DESIGN PROCEDURE (Cont.)
9.- OTHER CHECKS TO MAKE
6.1.- Check TJ torsional capacity: Max. operative
torsion should not exceed TJ MUT. When high
operating torsion is expected, MUT should be
increased above the standard 60% of TJ torsional
yield strength considering combined load
capacities.
6.2.- Calculate Stiffness Ratio: SR is not a strictly
quantitative performance limit, and experience
should determine maximum allowable values,
typical values are;
For Routin drilling, low failure rate experience. SR below
5.5
For Severe drilling, significate failure experience. SR
below 3.5
 DRILLSTRING DESIGN WORKSHEET

I. WELL INFORMATION

Well name: Design Total Depth (MD): (ft)

Angle (): (degrees) Kickoff Point: (ft) Required WOB: (lbs)
Mud Density: (ppg) Buoyancy Factor (KB): Max. Anticipated Torsion: (ft-lbs)

II. DESIGN FACTORS

Excess BHA Weight (DFBHA): Tension (DFT): Margin of Overpull (MOP): (lbs)

III. RIG EQUIPMENT INVENTORY

*CLICK THE CHECK BOX(ES) THAT MATCH THE EQUIPMENT TO BE USED IN THE CALCULATIONS BELOW
DRILL COLLARS
Stress Relief BSR Air Weight (W DC)
Length / Count OD (in) ID (in) Connection Bore Back Box? Pin? (Table 2.12) (lb/ft) (Table 2.4)
#1
#2

HWDP Air Weight (W HWDP)

Length / Count OD (in) ID (in) Connection Bore Back Box? Stress Relief Pin? (lb/ft) (Table 2.3)
#1
#2

DRILL PIPE AL Load (PA) WK Load (PW )

Available Nom Wt. Air Wt (W) Ten Cap (PT) (PA=PT/DFT) (PW =PA -MOP)
Footage (ft) OD (in) (lb/ft) Connection Grade Class (lb/ft) (Table 2.2) (lbs)(Table 2.5) (lbs) (lb/ft)
#1
#2
#3
 DRILLSTRING DESIGN WORKSHEET
IV. BHA DESIGN
TYPE A ASSEMBLIES LENGTH OF HWDP (LHWDP) = (ft) ( stands)

LENGTH OF WOB (lbs) x DFBHA ( x )

DRILL COLLARS (LDC) (ft) = =
W DC (lb/ft) x KB x cos ( x x )
= (ft) { stands ( ft) rounded upto the nearest stand }

TYPE B ASSEMBLIES LENGTH OF DRILL COLLAR SECTION (LDC) = (ft)

LENGTH OF [WOB x DFBHA] 1 ( x ) 1

HWDP (LHWDP) = - (LDC x W DC) = - ( x )
KB x cos W HWDP ( x )

= (ft) { stands ( ft) rounded upto the nearest stand }

TYPE C ASSEMBLIES LENGTH OF DRILL COLLAR SECTION (LDC1) = (ft); (LDC2) = (ft)
LENGTH OF
HWDP [WOB x DFBHA] 1 ( x ) 1
(LHWDP) = - [(LDC1 x WDC1) + (LDC2 x WDC2)] = - [( x )+( x )]
KB x cos W HWDP ( x )

= (ft) { stands ( ft) rounded up to the nearest stand }

Note: Enter DRILL COLLAR and HWDP information on the summary table in Section IX

V. CROSSOVER BSR CHECK

Upper X-Over Conn: Mating Pin ID : (in) X-Over Box OD : (in) BSR (Table 2.12)
Note: If upper crossover connection BSR is above desired range, use a bottleneck crossover.
If using a TYPE C assembly, check BSR of all BHA crossover.

VI. STIFFNESS RATIO CHECK

A. Z Drill Collars: (cu. in.) B. Z Drill Collars: (cu. in.) C. Z HWDP: (cu. in.) D. Z Drill Pipe: (cu. in.)
A/B B/C C/D (If no HWDP present: A/D )
Note: If any ratio exceeds the desired limit, a transition may be necessary. See page 2.8.2.
 DRILLSTRING DESIGN WORKSHEET
VII. MAXIMUM LENGTH OF DRILL PIPE SECTIONS
PW1(lb) 1
First Section LDP1 (ft) = - [(LDC1(ft) x W DC1(lb/ft)) + (LDC2(ft) x W DC2(lb/ft)) + (LHWDP(ft) x W HWDP(lb/ft))]
KB W 1(lb/ft)

( ) 1
LDP1 (ft) = - [ ( x ) + ( x ) + ( x )] = (ft)
( )

PW2(lb) - PW1(lb) ( ) - ( )
Second Section LDP2 (ft) = = = (ft)
W 2(lb/ft) x KB ( ) x ( )

PW3(lb) - PW2(lb) ( ) - ( )
Third Section LDP3 (ft) = = = (ft)
W 3(lb/ft) x KB ( ) x ( )

VIII. TORSIONAL CHECK

DRILL PIPE OD ID MAKEUP TORQUE TORS. STRENGTH MAXIMUM OPERATING
SECTION CONNECTION (in) (in) (ft-lbs) (Table 2.10) (ft-lbs) (Table 2.9) TORQUE (ft-lbs)

#1
#2
#3

Note: Makeup torque should always exceed maximum expected operating torque.

IX. DRILL STEM SUMMARY

LENGTH CUM. LENGTH AIR WEIGHT BUOYED WEIGHT CUM. BUOYED OVERPULL
DESCIPTION (ft) (ft) (lbs) (lbs) WEIGHT (lbs) (PA-CUM BW) (lbs)

Drill Collars #1
Drill Collars #2
HWDP
Drill Pipe #1
Drill Pipe #2
Drill Pipe #3
* BE SURE TO CHECK THE INVENTORY LIST TO ENSURE THAT THERE IS ENOUGH PIPE ON HAND TO REACH TD.

X. DEFINITIONS