Strength Behavior of Cement-treated

Dredged Soil with Various Sand Content and

its Suitability as Embankment Material for
Rio Grande de Mindanao River
Geotechnical Laboratory
TARHATA PANTAO KALIM
M153238 Academic Advisers:
Development Technology IDEC: Civil & Envi. Engineering:
International Development and Cooperation (IDEC)/ FUJIWARA, Akimasa TSUCHIDA, Takashi
Civil and Environmental Engineering YAMAMOTO, Haruyuki HIBINO , Tadashi
HIGO, Yasushi
August 09, 2017 IDEC 204
 Geotechnical Laboratory 2

Introduction
Around the world large volume of dredged soil generated in the
maintenance of water bodies
JAPAN PHILIPPINES
Annually, 10-15million m3- water Flooding of areas within Mindanao river
channel maintenance and marine basin (2011) was due to heavy siltation.
construction. Dredging and Dike construction.
Dredged material disposed
as landfill or dump at river
banks (Mindanao River Basin Plan 2012).
Landfill and ocean disposal
has adverse effect to the
environment and gradually
restricted in some countries.
 Geotechnical Laboratory 3
Introduction Deep Cement Mixing Method
Japan more than 90% of Increase soil pile
dredged material reuse resistance
(IADC, 2009)

Low engineering properties

Pneumatic Pipe Mixing Method (1999)
Soil Treatment
Reclamation
fill/ Backfill for
Cement Availability retaining walls
Can be
Lime used for
Fly Ash stabilization
of a wide
Blast range of
furnace soils.
Slag
 Geotechnical Laboratory 4

Problem
High cost of cement remains a challenge for engineers
CONCRETE
Composed of aggregates and cement
Can minimized cement content in considering the aggregates
CEMENT-TREATED DREDGED SOIL
Composed of Soil and cement
Dredged soil has varied sand content depending on the source and location
though from the same river or port.
Volume of cement in stabilization depends on the quality of soil.
Rate of strength of treated soil decreases with the increase of clay content. (Bergado
et. al., 1996)

An increase of sand content may result to a higher rate of

strength and minimize the cement content
 Geotechnical Laboratory 5
Objectives:
Study the effect of various sand content

Liquid Limit of dredged soil stabilized by different cement content

Strength behavior of dredged soil stabilized by different cement

content at various curing time

Briefly examine the suitability of cement-treated dredged soil with

various sand content as embankment

The term suitability was limited to the brief investigation of engineering properties,
slope stability and cost estimation
 Geotechnical Laboratory 6

Objectives:

Dredged soil from port and from river mouth

Why contains low or no coarse aggregates, the
Sand? coarse aggregates settles before reaching
the river mouth and the still water
 Geotechnical Laboratory 7
Objectives : Schematic Outline
Effect of various sand content to dredged
soil stabilized by different cement content
Physical Properties
of Dredged Soil
Particle size
Analysis
Atterbergs
Limit test
Rio Grande
Liquid limit Strength Mindanao
Density Test Test Test River
Ignition Lost
Embankment
Test
Casagrande Fallcone Laboratory Unconfined
Method Method Vane Shear Compression Slope Stability
pH Test
Test -LVST Test-UCT Analysis
(30mins-7hr + (10hour-
Salinity Test
Curing 90days of Brief Cost
period) curing period Estimate
 Geotechnical Laboratory 8
Experiment Method: Effect of sand to Liquid Limit
Materials: Tokuyama Clay, Toyoura Sand and JGS Standard ( Casagrande and Fallcone Test)
Ordinary Portland Cement

(Sand Content) s*= +x 100%

Cement Content Cement Content

C*= x100% C*= x100%
+ ++

Clay-Sand Mixtures and added

distilled water were cooled to 2C
Mixing of clay and sand uniformly set to
10mins
The experiment for Fallcone and
Casagrande were carried out
simultaneously with 30mins
 Geotechnical Laboratory 9
Main Results: Liquid Limit

At 11.5mm the results agreed well for when At 10mm the results agreed well for with
there was no cement but varied when cement cement content but varied when no cement
was added was added

Difference is due to soil deformation on the process of measuring the liquid limit
 Geotechnical Laboratory 10
Main Results: Liquid Limit 2 0.209 2 0.244
5.0 = 1.39 = 1.71
Undrained shear strength, Su (kPa)
3.0 Su = 1.71/(w'/wLL)4.10
R = 0.951
Untreated Cement-treated

1.0
to predict the liquid limit using Fallcone's one-
point method for untreated and cement-treated
0.5 Su = 1.40/(w'/wLL)5
Tsuchida et al.(1999) for marine clays
dredged soil with various sand content.
No cement 120
0.3
c*=10% No cement LLFC1=1.06 LLFC
c*=15% 110
c*=10%

One-point method, LLFC (%)

c*=20%
c*=30% 100 c*=15%
0.1 c*=20%
0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 90
c*=30%
Normalized water content, w'/wLL LLFC1=0.94 LLFC
80

70
(Tsuchida et.al) (Fall cone)
Marine 60
Range of panetration depth
Pmm = 7.31 ~ 15.3 mm
In practice, fast measurement of liquid limit of 50

cement-treated soil is necessary, considering the 40

40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
equation proposed by Tsuchida et.al. and the Su : Four-point method, LLFC (%)
 Geotechnical Laboratory 11
Experiment Method: Strength Behavior
Materials: Tokuyama Clay, Rio Grande de Mindanao River Dredged Soil, Toyoura Sand and
Ordinary Portland Cement
Initial setting of water content

1.5 WL= x100%
++
Clay-Sand Mixtures and added
distilled water were cooled to
2C
Samples were mixed by vacuum mixer Laboratory Vane Shear Test
for 30mins
Transferred to mold in three separate
layers and moderately tapped to
remove air bubbles.
For Vane Shear Test sample were air
cured while submerged into water for
UCT.
Vacuum Mixer

Unconfined Compression Test

Water Submerged Curing
 Geotechnical Laboratory 12
Main Results: Strength (qu) behavior

Tokuyama dredged soil Rio Grande de Mindanao dredged soil

The relationship of curing period and unconfined compressive strength (qu) approximately
increasing linearly at the curing time below 3 days and gradually change after 3 days.
similar to plastic marine dredged soil studied by Kang et., al (2015)
 Geotechnical Laboratory 13
Main Results: Strength (qu) behavior
Rio Grande de Mindanao
The strength development is not visible
at below 1 day of curing period .
At same cement content, the strength
increases as the sand content was
increased and the absolute increase in
strength was observed at 50% to 70%
sand content.
 Geotechnical Laboratory 14
Main Results: Strength (qu) behavior
Previous researchers reported a good relationship for strength (qu) prediction based
on water-cement ratio and curing time.
Water-cement ratio can be a good index in predicting the strength of cement-treated
soil with various sand content
 Geotechnical Laboratory 15
Main Results: Strength (qu) behavior
measuring the sand content before the cement-treatment of the dredged soil is beneficial
to economize the volume of cement needed for soil improvement

Cement 30% Sand 27%

Cement 20% Sand 50%

Cement 20% Sand 2%

Cement 10% Sand 50%

Cement 30% Sand 2%

Cement 20% Sand 28%

Cement 10% Sand70%

 Geotechnical Laboratory 16
Suitability as embankment material

Rio Grande de Mindanao River Typical

Embankment Design (Feasibility Study Rio
Grande de Mindanao River, 2012)

DPWH Standard Sand Sand Sand Sand

Index Property (Embankment) content content content content

Did not meet the requirement of 2% 27% 50% 70%
Department of Public works and
Highways (DPWH) for the Pass through No.200 (%) <15 98 73 50 30
standard material for
LL (%) <80 106.44 76.92 54.05 36.3
embankment
PI (%) <55 62.87 43.6 30.97 16.17
 Geotechnical Laboratory 17
Results: suitability embankment material Circle Slide Analysis 2013 - Hiroshima University -
Fmin(final) = .0296 Fellenius or Modified Fellenius Method Circle Slide Analysis 2013 - Hiroshima University -
X (m) = 20.250 Fmin(final) = 1.3642 Fellenius or Modified Fellenius Method
Y (m) = 6.250 X (m) = 21.500
R (m)= 8.840
Y (m) = 8.000
= .000
R (m)= 11.340

= .000
DHWL

DHWL

Design River Bed

Foundation was assumed stable Design River Bed

without cement Foundation was assumed stable

Parameter value Cement-treated dredged soil
Angle of Friction () 0 Parameter value

Wet Density 2.56 Angle of Friction () 0

Minimum FS 0.296 Wet Density 1.50

Minimum FS 1.36
qu (kPa) .08
qu (kPa) 28
After the cement-treatment the dredged soil
has develop a strength In Japan, qu(Field)=50kPa
the needed qu at the Minimum Fs is 28kPa qu(lab)=300kPa
 Geotechnical Laboratory 18
Results: material cost estimation
From this result, we can say
that cement- treated soil with
various sand content can be an
alternative fill material for the
construction of embankment for
Rio Grade de Mindanao River.

Therefore, a detailed study

should be carried out regarding
the cost, taking into
consideration the flow of
construction, machineries Varies depending on the
involved, and social and distance of project site to
environmental impacts.
the quarry (Yen 845-1200)
 Geotechnical Laboratory 19
Recommendation for future work
Because of limited technical studies relative to the effect of sand/aggregates
more studies should be conducted on the understanding of the effect of sand
on the soil stabilization using different types soil, sand and additives to have a
larger comparative baseline.

A further study is recommended to understand the proportioning of cement-

treated soil mixtures from the economic point of view while maintaining the
degree of the quality control of cement-treatment.

Further evaluations of applicability of cement-treated dredged soil as river

embankment material for Rio Grande de Mindanao.
 Geotechnical Laboratory 20

Thank you for your attention

A researcher that has a brain that

functions differently from their peers is
at an advantage, as they can see
things that the others cannot.
-Steven Magee-