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NBME 11 BLOCK 1
Gardenella vaginalis....gram variable rod...cause vaginosis
white/gray vaginal discharge
Whiff test...add KOH...fishy smell
non painful
anaerobe
overgrowth of bacteria in vagina
Clue cells or vaginal epithelial cell covered with bacteria
treatment....Metronidazole
2-Naphthylamine is an aromatic amine. It is used to make azo dyes. It is a known human carcinogen.
Aniline dyes...aromatic amines
2-Naphthylamine is found in cigarette smoke and suspected to contribute to the development of transitional cell carcinoma of urinary
tract system

(It is activated in the liver but quickly deactivated by conjugation to glucuronic acid. In the bladder, glucuronidase re-activates it by
deconjugation, which leads to the development of bladder cancer.)
Kernicterus is damage to the brain centers of
infants caused by increased levels of
unconjugated bilirubin
With the change from 10mm to 5 mm....there are more people can be identified
with positive tuberculin test.... so incidence and prevalance will be higher
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Primary polydipsia or psychogenic polydipsia
B Zona glomerulosa
>Aldosterone

C -zona fasciculata,
D -zona reticularis,
E -adrenal medulla
B inheritance of amplified CYP2D6 locus
rule out A induction --->increased dose should induce a response
C inactive alleles & D inhibitor --> small doses should do the trick
E tolerance ----> initiall doses should induce a response
Weber's syndrome (superior alternating hemiplegia) is
a form of stroke characterized by the presence of an
oculomotor nerve palsy and contralateral hemiparesis
or hemiplegia
Zolpidem (Ambien) is a prescription medication used for the short-term treatment of insomnia, as well as
some brain disorders. It is a short-acting nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic that potentiates gamma-
aminobutyric acid (GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter, by binding to GABAA receptors at the same
location as benzodiazepines. It works quickly (usually within 15 minutes) and has a short half-life (23
hours).

Zolpidem has not adequately demonstrated effectiveness in maintaining sleep, however it is effective in
initiating sleep
Fragile X syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by mutation of the FMR1 gene on the X-
chromosome.

Expansion of the CGG repeating codon to such a degree results in a methylation of that
portion of the DNA, effectively silencing the expression of the FMR1 protein.
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CFTR gene on chromosome 7 ..deletion of Phe 508,folding of the CFTR protein in
the endoplasmic reticulum is affected by this mutation
Spirochete Infections: Lyme Disease and Leptospirosis
Steroid-induced osteoporosis (SIOP)
Direct inhibition of osteoblast function
Direct enhancement of bone resorption
Inhibition of gastrointestinal calcium absorption
Increased urine calcium loss
Inhibition of sex steroids
Drug X is an alpha1 blocker
NE.....alpha1>alpha2>beta1.......has high alpha1 agonist power.....after using drug X ......force dec. fom 15.1.....6.8
Isoproterenol.....is a nonselective beta agonist........after using drug X.....there is no significant change
Phenylephrine.....is an alpha agonist...alpha1>alpha2......after using drug X.....there is a significant change....dec.
force from 13.....to....5.5

So drug X must be an alpha 1 antagonist......between choices Prazosin is an alpha 1 antagonist

B Brother, if the new born Male low threshold mean more susceptible to have the disease it's tricky Q

Males are more commonly affected than females, with firstborn males affected about four times as often, and there is a
genetic predisposition for the disease.[2] It is commonly associated with people of Jewish ancestry, and has multifactorial
inheritance patterns.[3] Pyloric stenosis is more common in whites than Hispanics, African Americans, or Asians.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyloric_stenosis
The thymus and parathyroid, both derivatives of the 3rd pharyngeal pouches
Bosentan is a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used in the treatment of pulmonary artery hypertension
(PAH).

Bosentan is a competitive antagonist of endothelin-1 at the endothelin-A (ET-A) and endothelin-B (ET-B)
receptors. Under normal conditions, endothelin-1 binding of ET-A or ET-B receptors causes pulmonary
vasoconstriction. By blocking this interaction, bosentan decreases pulmonary vascular resistance. Bosentan
has a slightly higher affinity for ET-A than ET-B.
Common variable hypogammaglobulinemia, unknown molecular defect, onsets in late
teens, early twenties, B cells presents in peripheral blood, immunoglobulin levels
decreased with time,; increased autoimmunity, the albumin can be normal or low, but the
gamma globulin always is low, this curve is the same for Lymphoproliferative disorders,
inflammatory bowel disease, congenital immunodeficiencies
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MAO inhibitors are contraindicated with SSRI's..
May cause serotonin syndrome due to excess synaptic serotonin..
S/S-diarrhea,flushing,muscle spasm,etc.
B.....100% sensitivity
C.....most accurate
D....100%specificity
Anthrax is a disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, a spore-forming, Gram positive, rod-shaped bacterium. The lethality
of the disease owes itself to the bacterium's two principal virulence factors:
(i) the polyglutamic acid capsule, which is anti-phagocytic, and
(ii) the tripartite protein toxin, called anthrax toxin.

Anthrax toxin is a mixture of three protein components: (i) protective antigen (PA), (ii) edema factor (EF), and (iii) lethal
factor (LF)
 A

Middle cerebral artery syndrome is a

condition whereby the blood supply from
the middle cerebral artery (MCA) is
restricted, leading to a reduction of the
function of the portions of the brain
supplied by that vessel: the lateral aspects of
frontal, temporal and parietal lobes, the
corona radiata, globus pallidus, caudate and
putamen. The MCA is the most common site
for the occurrence of ischemic stroke
Carotid Massage: afferent activity, Parasympathetic, sympathetic activity, HR, , BP