No tema a los enemigos que

te atacan. Teme a los amigos

que te adulan

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 Factores que tienen una influencia
determinante en los resultados de un
disparo

Macizo Rocoso
, Std. Sc, RQD, E, , etc
MODELO Proyeccin de rocas

Vibraciones producidas
Explosivo MATEMATICO
Q3, P2, D1, P1, AE, etc.
Fragmentacin requerida
DE VOLADURA
Geometra del disparo , B,
S, H, S/D, Hc, St, etc. Apilamiento
DE ROCAS
Gases
Parmetros de perforacin
PR, RPM, BPM, W/, etc.
Polvos
subsidencia,
etc.

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Explosive rock breakage is an
interaction betwen the explosive and
the rock. The results, in terms of
degree of fragmentation, damage and
muckpile displacement are determined
largely by the properties of the two
components.
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Hagan & Harries (1977) have stated
both experiments and practice have
indicated that blasting results are
influenced by rock propierties more
then by explosive properties.

Experience in quarries, open cut

mines, surface coal mines, and
underground mines supports this
assertion.
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In general, attempts to predict
fragmentation results achieved in
normal bleasting operations from
physical and rock properties
obtained from laboratory testing
have not been successful. The
failure is attributed to the
dominant effects of rock structure
and its influence on bulk rock
properties.

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Although the physical and
mechanical properties of the rock
mass (viz. Compressive and
tensile strengths, density, elastic
moduli) do impact on
fragmentation performance, they
are secondary to the dominant
effects of rock structure.

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Existing fractures within the rock mass
are extended during blasting. With
preferential extensin occurring to
favourably oriented cracks. Where there
is an existing pattern of large joints at
wide spacing, uniform crack initiation and
extensin will be denied and non-uniform
fragmentation will result where there is a
dense pattern of fissures, fragmentation
will clearly be improved over that
obtained in massive rock using the same
charge.
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En el diagrama conceptual se muestra
tpicos diclasismos.

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In this material, the shock wave
from the detonating explosive is
more rapidly attenuated and is
therefore less effective in initiating
new fractures, which are generated
are abruptly terminated by the
existing pattern of fissures.

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Discussions of rock properties and
their influences on fragmentation
frequently refer to rock strength. This
property is difficult to quantify in view
of its dependence on the rate of
loading or strain rate, since it is well
known the dynamic strength of rock
varies quite considerable from static
strength.

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However, despite this limitation, both
compressive tensile strength play an
important role in determining the
limits of damage and overbreak
behind blastholes, primarily because
of their relationship to the easily
measured peak particle velocity.

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Rock properties have a major
influence on the amplitude,
frequency and duration of vibration
waves from blasting. Both vibration
amplitude and vibration frequency
decrease with increasing distance
from a blast. due to two separate
mechanisms-geometric spreading
and frictional losses.

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In general, the durtaion of vibration from
blasting increases with increasing
distance from the blast. High modulus
rock types (e.g. igneous) exhibit almost
elastic behaviour with relatively little
frictional loss, whereas low modulus
rock types (e.g. sedimentary rocks)
display pronounced frictional loss and
anelastic behaviour.

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Fractures and jointing in the
rock mass have the effect of
lowering the bulk modulus
and dissipating energy at the
joint surfaces, so that a
heavily structured hard rock
resembles a more massive,
soft rock type in terms of its
vibration characteristics.
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Rock properties also a major impact on
slope stability, and many of these factors
can be modified by action of nearby, and
even far field, blasting operations. As
blasting exposes slopes and excavations,
the forces tending to hold the blocks in
equilibrium along well defined joint planes
(viz. The joint cohesin and coefficient of
friction) can be thrown out of balance, with
the result that the excavation becomes
unstable and vulnerable to failure.

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The more important factors
affecting blast fragmentation, rock
mass stability, and the
environmental impact of blasting
therefore include:

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1.Degree of natural and blast-induced
jointing and fracturing;
2.Orientation of natural jointing;
3.Elastic properties of rock;
4.Density of rock;
5.Friction angle;
6.Cohesive strength of frecture
surfaces.

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For convenience, the
influences of rock properties
on stability; fragmentation, and
environmental impact will be
considered separately.

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Of the factors listed above, the largest
influence on fragmentation is undoubtedly
the degree of natural jointing and
fracturing. The formation of joints occurs
during rock diagenesis, generaly as a
result of tensile stresses in the rock. The
rock mass typically develops a number of
Inter.-dependent joint sets wnich act to
destress the rock mass. 23
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Joints inevitable occur in sets, with
each set exhibiting a degree of
parallelism which reflects their
common genesis. Joint sets are
generally ranked by order of
prominente from major sets to less
prominent or minor sets as
determined by their frequency of
occurrence and persistente or
continuity.

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The degree of natural jointing is important
because it defines the largest block which
may results after blasting, Either from within
the blasthole pattern, or from overbreack
behind the shot. Because jointing tends to
occur in sets which are aproximately
perpendicular natural joint planes define sets
of blocks of varying sizes. Where the spacing
between joints within a set is wide the insitu
blocks are large and the energy factor
associated with blast desings is relatively
high. If blasting does not breack these
blocks, they may be rolled out of the
pattern to form oversize.
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Where the frequency of fracturing
in the rock mass is high, fine
fragmentation is more easily
achieved and energy factors
associated with blasting tend to
be lower. Heavily jointed or
fractured hard rocks behave quite
similary to softer and weaker
rock types.

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The combination of rock and
discontinuites can be considered, and
modelled, as a stack of blocks held
together by a combination of the joint
surface cohesin, the coefficient of
friction of the joint surfaces, and the
stresses acting on the blocks (either
hydrostatic stresses in surface
applications, or a combination of
hydrostatic and tectonic stresses in
deep underground applications).
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Several authors have suggested that in
order to achieve maximum utilisation
of explosive energy in fragmentation
process, it is necessary to match the
impedance of the explosive as closely
as posible to the impedance of the
rock.

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Impedance is defined as the
product of velocity and density.
For the explosive, impedance
refers to the product of in-hole
density and velocity of
detonation whereas for the rock,
impedance is defined as the
product of p-wave velocity and
density. Hence, for maximum
fragmentation:
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 exp VOD = rock vr

Where:

is the density,
VOD is the velocity of detonation of
the explosive, and
Vr is the p-wave velocity of the rock.

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Based on the desire for impedance
matching, massive and estrength
rocks (typically with p-wave
velocities in the range 4500 m/s to
6000 m/s) fragment better when a
high density, high VOD explosive is
used. Explosive impedances never
reach the maximum impedance of
rock, because of the relatively low
density of comercial explosives.

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Many rocks, however, do not require
fragmentation as much as displacement,
and for these rock types, the utilisation
of shock energy is very much of
secondary importante to the generation
and utilisation of heave energy. These
rock types usually Benefit from the use
of low VOD explosives, and it is in this
application that the use of aluminised
explosives is best suited.

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On the other hand doctor Alan
Bauer an Peter N. Calder have
said, that:

The factors influencing

fragmentation in blasting are:

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i. Rock material type to be blasted
ii. The geological structure, that is the
predominant fracture orientations and
fracture frequency
iii. Direction of blasting relative to the
rock structure
iv. For a given explosive loading, the
ratio of the burden to spacing

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v. The explosive charge and its
performance. That is, the useful
energy per foot of borehole or per
cubic yard or per ton of rock
vi.The delay interval employed
between rows of holes
vii.The collar height
viii.Subgrade and the bottom charge
ix.The number of rows of blastholes
x. Operational control in the field.

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 The end.

Dr. Carlos Agreda T

Profesor

Lima, 2 de noviembre del 2005.

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