Artificial Intelligence

Applications to
Digital Protection

By
Hossam Eldin Abdallah Talaat
 Scope of the Study

AI Applications to Digital Protection

Transmission Line Rotating Machines System fault Diagn.

Fault Winding Alarm
1. Fault Classification 6. Winding Protection 10. Alarm Processing
Direction Incipient
Protection Fault
Faulted
Processing Section
2.Classification
Distance Detection
Direction Discriminat 7. Incipient Fault Detect 11. Faulted Section Est.
Discrimination
3. Distance Relaying Differential Distribution
Estimation
Relaying
Series l. Relaying
4. Series Compensated
Transformer Out-of-StepSystem
12. Distribution Protect.
5. AC/DC Transmission
Compensated
AC/DC Transformer Relay Setting&
8. Differential Relaying
Protection
13. Out of Step Protect.

Line
Transmission Fault
9. FaultDiagnosis
Diagnosis Coordination
14. Relay Setting& Coor

Systems
 Methodology
For each protection area:
Motivation of applying AI (Problems).
Detailed description of a selected application.
Other AI Applications: differences & additional
features.
Summary of attributes of all AI applications:
(ref#, functions, AI technique, Input features, pre-
processing & drawbacks).
Discussion.
 Functional Requirements of Power System Protection

Objectives of Power
System Protection

Selectivity
Selectivity Reliability
Reliability Speed
Speed
Max service Max service Min fault time &
Simplicity
continuity withSimplicity
min continuity with min Economy
Economy
equipment damage
system disconnection
Min equipment system
and disconnection
Max performance at
circuitry min cost
Security
Security Dependability
Dependability
Ability to avoid Ability to perform
unnecessary correctly when
operation needed
 Development in Power System Relaying
AI-Based Relays
(Intelligent)

Performance Microprocessor- Communication

Based Relays Facility
(Digital)
AI-based
Methods
Static Digital Proc.
Relays Algorithms Digital ICs
Electromechanical Relays
Digital ICs (mP,DSP,ADC,
Electronic neuro-IC
(mP,DSP,ADC,)
Circuits fuzzy-IC)

1900 years 1960 1975 2000

Characteristics of Digital Relaying

Self-diagnosis: improving reliability.

Programmability: multi-function, multi-
characteristic, complex algorithms.
Communication capability: enabling
integration of protection & control.
Low cost: expecting lower prices.
Concept: no significant change (smart
copy of conventional relays).
 Shortcomings of Conventional Protection Systems

Protection Area Dependability Security Speed selectivity

TL fault classification
X X XX -
Distance Relaying
X X XX X
Machine Winding Relaying
XX - X -
Transformer differ. relaying
X XX - -
Transformer fault diagnosis
XX - - -
HIF detection
XX - - -
Relay setting& coordination
- - - XX

Key: - no problem, X some problems, XX big problems

 Motivation for AI-Based Protection

Enabling the introduction of new relaying

concepts capable to design smarter, faster,
and more reliable digital relays.
Examples of new concepts: integrated
protection schemes, adaptive protection &
predictive protection.
Classification of AI Techniques
Artificial Intelligence
(AI) Techniques

Symbolic Knowledge Computational

Representation Knowledge
Representation

Exact Approximate Artificial

Reasoning Reasoning Neural
Network
(ANN)

Expert System Fuzzy Logic

(ES) (FL)
 Characteristics of Expert Systems

Adavantages Drawbacks
Availability o Lack of information
Comprehensiveness o Brittleness (noise)
Generalization o Expertise-based shortcomings
Explanation o Expert-based shortcomings
User friendly interface
 Characteristics of Artificial
Neural Networks (ANN)
Advantages Drawbacks
Powerful pattern classification. o Network design
MLP (Back-propagation):
Optimization usingand
capabilities.Classifiaction trial & error (no.
Nonlinear
Mapping of layers, no. of
Fast response.
neurons
Kohonen (Self-organizing Map): Feature in hidden
Extraction
Fault tolerant (noise).
layer, learning rate,
Hopfield (Recurrent): Optimization
Excellent generalization. etc.
Trend prediction. o Generation of large
Good reliability. training set.
 Steps of Designing an AI-Based Protective Scheme
System model,
parameters & Training target
Classifier output
operating
conditions (training)
Training Set Pattern
Classifier
Simulation Samples of 3-ph
Anti- Filtered Samples Training error
Environment Voltages & Currents
aliasing Feature
EMTP Classifier
& other Extraction
parameters
Filters
Classifier output
(testing)
Fault type, Testing Set Pattern
location & Classifier
duration Testing target
Performance Evaluation
Testing error
 Modules of Intelligent Transmission Line Relaying

Features
V Data Transmission Line
Processing Fault Identification
I

Fault Fault Type Arcing

Detection Classification Detection

Direction Faulted Phase Fault

Discrimination selection Location

Decision Making Trip Signal

Application 1
Transmission Line Fault Classification
Motivation
Conventional schemes: cannot adapt to
changing operating condtions, affected by
noise& depend on DSP methods (at least 1-
cycle).
Single-pole tripping/autorecloser SPAR
requires the knowledge of faulted phase (on
detecting SLG Single-pole tripping is
initiated, on detecting arcing fault recloser is
initiated).
 Transmission Line Relaying Scheme
Fault Type 5-7 ms
RG
1/4 cycle VR,VS,VT K
each
(5 samples) RST N
IR,IS,IT
O
ANN1
45000 30-20-15-11 Control Logic W
training L
Enabling Signals
patterns 25 ms E
VR D
Arcing G
ANN2
20-15-10-1
fault E Decision
phase-R
One
cycle VS B
each Arcing A
ANN3
(20 20-15-10-1
fault S
samples) phase-S
E
VT
Arcing
ANN4
20-15-10-1
fault
phase-T
 Detailed Topology of ANN1
VR(k)
Output Layer
IR(k)
(11 )
VS(k) RG
IS(k) SG
VT(k TG
Input )IT(k) RS
. ST
voltage . TR
.
&current . RSG
. STG
samples .
TRG
RST
Normal
Hidden Layer 2
VT(k-4) (15 )
Hidden Layer 1
IT(k-4)
Input Layer (20 )
(30 )
Other AI Applications
Fuzzy & fuzzy-neuro classifiers used for fault type
classification (1-cycle).
Pre-processing: 1- Changes in V&I,
2- FFT to obtain fundamental V&I,
3- Energy contained in 6 high freq. bands obtained
from FFT of 3-ph voltage.
Measures from two line ends.
Implementation of a prototype for ANN-based
adaptive SPAR relay using transputer system
(T800).
Application 2:
Distance Relaying
Motivation

Changing the fault condition, particularly in

the presence of DC offset in current
waveform, as well as network changes lead
to problems of underreach or overreach.
Conventional schemes suffer from their slow
response.
AI Applications in Distance Relaying

Using ANN schemes with samples of V&I

measured locally, while training ANN with
faults inside and outside the protection zone.
Same approach but after pre-processing to get
fundamental of V&I through half cycle DFT
filter.
Combining conventional with AI: using ANN
to estimate line impedance based on V&I
samples so as to improve the speed of
differential equation based algorithm.
AI Applications in Distance Relaying

Pattern Recognition is used to establish the

operating characteristics of zone-I. The
impedance plane is partitioned into 2 parts:
normal and fault. Pre-classified records are
used for training.
Application of adaptive distance relay using
ANN,where the tripping impedance is
adapted under varying operating conditions.
Local measurements of V&I are used to
estimate the power system condition.
Application 3:
Machine Winding Protection
Motivation
If the generator is grounded by
high impedance, detection of
ground faults is not easy (fault
current < relay setting).
Conventional algorithms suffer
from poor reliability and low speed
(1-cycle).
ANN-Based Generator Winding Fault Detection
A
B
C
Ia1 Ib1 Ic1 Ia2 Ib2 Ic2

Sampling
Ra
Ia1(n) I (n) Ic1(n) Ia2(n) Ib2(n) Ic2(n)
b1
Current Manipulator Iad(n) = Ia1(n)- Ia2(n)
Iad(n) Iaa(n) Ibd(n) Iba(n) Icd(n) Ica(n) Iaa(n) = ( Ia2(n) + Ia1(n) )/2
DFT Filtering
In1 In2 In3 In4 In5 In6

L-G L-L L-L-L

ANN1 ANN2 ANN3

Output Output Output

Application 4:
Transformer Differential Relaying
Motivation

Conventional differential relays may fail in

discriminating between internal faults and
other conditions (inrush current, over-
excitation of core, CT saturation, CT ratio
mismatch, external faults,..).
Detection of 2nd and 5th harmonics is not
sufficient (harmonics may be generated
during internal faults).
Multi-Criteria Differential Relay
based on Self-Organizing Fuzzy Logic

One differential relay per phase.

12 criteria are used and integrated by FL.
Examples of criteria: (ID=differential current)
Sign Definition Criterion Statement
q1 ID1 q1> highest expected inrush current
q3 ID2/ID1 q < 10-15%
3
q4 ID1 q4 > current for over-excitation
q6 ID5/ID1 q6 < 30%
 Fuzzy Logic Based Multi-Criteria
Differential Transformer Relay
Fuzzification
v Weighting Ruling-out the
q1 m1 Factors hypothesis of
M W1 inrush current
E
CB q2
A m3 m2 W2
i1 S Non-Inrush
CT U 1.0
q3 m3
R W3
I
q4
N hypothesis of stationary w2 w1 q3
G 0.0 of a transformer
overexcitation
0.08 0.12 MIN
0.16
i2 q7 core
CT d
hypothesis of an external S.C.
U combined with CTs saturation w3 Trip
N q10 d>D
CB
I hypothesis of an external fault w4
T combined with ratios mismatch
q12 Tripping D
threshold
Other AI Applications
ANN approaches with training using inrush current,
external & internal faults.
Input features: 3-ph current samples expressed as
differential and retraining OR apply FFT to get
fundamental, 2nd & 5th harmonics.
A prototype is implemented using DSP card with
the objective of reconstruction of distorted CT
secondary current due to saturation. Tested on 50
MVA plant transformer with time response 5-10 ms.
APPLICATION 5:
Transformer Fault Diagnosis
Motivation

Conventional methods, e.g., Dissolved Gas

Analysis (DGA), suffers from imprecision
& incompleteness.
IEC/IEEE code for DGA relates the fault
type to the ratios of gases; e.g.,
IF (C2H2/C2H4 =0.1-3) AND (CH4/H2 < 0.1) AND
(C2H4/C2H6 < 1) THEN (the fault is High energy partial
discharges)
Transformer Fault Diagnosis using
GA-based Fuzzy Classification
Genetic Algorithm Data Base of
(GA) Dissolved Gas
Optimizer Test Records

Set up Transformer
Membership Fault Diagnosis
Functions & System
Fuzzy Rules

IEC/IEEE Diagnosis
Transformer Results
DGA Criterion
Each subspace is described by a fuzzy if-then
rule based on the patterns of training set.
S
CH4/H2
M L
L
M

S
C2H2/C2H4

C2H4/C2H6

S M L
Application 6:
Alarm Processing
The enormous no of signals and alarms after
a fault occurrence complicates the fault
diagnosis process.
ES versus ANN:
ES is better for: large power systems and
explanatory facility.
ANN is better for: noisy inputs, low cost
and fast response.
Some practical implementations of ES:
Wisconsin, Taiwan and Portugal.
Hardware Implementation
Fuzzy Processors:
Siemens SAE81C99: 256/128 I/O, 16384
rules, 10 M fuzzy logic instruction per sec.
Siemens SAE81C991: 4096/1024 I/O,
131072 rules, 10 M FL instruction per sec.
Neuro-Processors:
Analog or Digital implementation but not
yet commercialized.
Example: 1000 neuron, 1M synapses,
1.37M connection per sec.
Hardware Implementation
Advanced Communication Systems:
Synchronized sampling can be obtained at
0.2-0.5ms using Global Positioning
Systems (GPS) satellite.
CONCLUSIONS
Expert Systems of system fault diagnosis and
relay coordination has been practically
Implemented.
Some prototypes of ANN-based relays have
been implemented and tested using laboratory
setups.
Major problem facing the practical application
of AI-based relays is the generation of training
patterns from comprehensive computer
simulation.
Application 7:
Relays Setting & Coordination
Motivation

Setting and coordination of relays in

complex power networks requires computer
aids especially for meshed networks.
The problem is non-algorithmic, i.e.,
application of expert system ES is needed.
Expert System for Setting& Coordination of Distance Relays

Formation of Loop Break Control Rules

Primary/ Backup Enumeration Points
Pairs Rules Rules Rules
Inference
Relative Set of Setting and Facts
Engine
Sequence Vector Sequential Pairs Coordination
Rules Rules Rules
Agenda

2 1 11 22 5
14 13
23 24
15 12 21

16 19
3 4
17 18 20
Rule 3: Primary/Backup
loop 1 23 22 Pairs
If Relay
loop 2(R1)
24 is
11located on line (L1) at bus (B1),
AND loopLine3(L1)
11 21
is connected
18 16 14 between bus (B1) & bus (B2),
AND loopRelay4 (R2)
23 21is18
located
16 14 on line (L2) at bus (B2);
AND .Line (L2) is not line (L1),
THEN Relay. (R1) acts as a buckup to relay (R2)
loop 11 19 11 21
Rule 9: Zone-2
loop 12Overlap
19 23 21
If Relay (R1) is a23
break-points buckup to relay (R2),
11 17 12
AND break-points
Zone-2 setting 23for
11 relay
15 12(R1) is (X12),
AND break-points
Zone-1 setting 23for
11 relay
13 12(R2) is (X21),
AND chosen-B.P.
Relay (R1) is23located on line (L1)
11 17 12
AND Line (L1) has a reactance equal (Xp),
RSV 23 11 17 12 15 13 24 22 14 16 21
AND (X12-Xp) > (X21),
AND SSP Time23delays
21 23of22zone-2 of (R1) and zone-2 of (R2) are equal;
SSP 11 24time
THEN Increase 11 21
delay of zone-2 for relay (R1) by one grading time
.
unit (0.2 s)
SSP 21 23 21 11 21 13 21 16
 Structure of Rule-Based Expert System

Definition: Expert System

Knowledge Data
Baseis a computer programBase
Inference Engine
(Rules) (facts)
that uses knowledge and
inference
Explanation procedures
Knowledge to
Acquisition
Facility
solve problems that Facility are

ordinarily solved through

User Interface
human expertise
 Classification of ANN Models
ANN Models

Feedback Feed
Forward

Constructed Trained Linear Nonlinear

Unsupervised Supervised
Hopfield Adaptive
(recurrent) Resonance Kohonen MLP
(Self- (Back-
Organizing Propagation
Map)
 Main Components of Fuzzy Logic Reasoning

Inference methods:
Max-Min composition,
Max-Average comp., ..
X1 is 20% BIG&
80% MEDIUM Output
Input Decision
variables
Fuzzification Fuzzy Defuzzification
Inference

Membership Fuzzy If-Then Rules Defuzzification

functions methods:
If X1 is BIG and X2 is SMALL
Center of area
Then Y is ON,
Center of sums
If X1 is BIG and X2 is BIG
Mean of Maxima,..
Then Y is OFF.
..
 M
V
E V
A
S V
U
R
I
N
G

U
N
I
T
c- Fuzzy Rule-based Classification
A5
R15 R25 R35 R45 R55

A4 R14 R24 R34 R44 R54

A3 R13 R23 R33 R43 R53

A2 R12 R22 R32 R42 R52

A1 R11 R21 R31 R41 R51

A1 A2 A3 A4 A5