THE

Hypercholesterolemia
Also known as High Cholesterol
 Hypercholesterolemia, also called high
cholesterol, is the presence of high levels
of cholesterol in the blood. It is a form
of high blood lipids and
hyperlipoproteinemia (elevated levels
of lipoproteins in the blood).
 People with hypercholesterolemia have a
high risk of developing a form of heart
disease called coronary artery disease. This
condition occurs when excess cholesterol in
the bloodstream is deposited in the walls of
blood vessels, particularly in the arteries
that supply blood to the heart (coronary
arteries).
 The abnormal buildup of cholesterol forms
clumps (plaque) that narrow and harden
artery walls. As the clumps get bigger, they
can clog the arteries and restrict the flow of
blood to the heart. The buildup of plaque in
coronary arteries causes a form of chest pain
called angina and greatly increases a person's
risk of having a heart attack.
 Inherited forms
of hypercholesterolemia can also cause
health problems related to the buildup of
excess cholesterol in other tissues. If
cholesterol accumulates in tendons, it
causes characteristic growths called
tendon xanthomas. These growths most
often affect the Achilles tendons and
tendons in the hands and fingers.
Yellowish cholesterol deposits under the
skin of the eyelids are known as
xanthelasmata. Cholesterol can also
accumulate at the edges of the clear,
front surface of the eye (the cornea),
leading to a gray-colored ring called an
arcus cornealis.
 Tendon Xanthomas

Xanthelasmata

Arcus Cornealis
 FREQUENCY

More than 34 million American adults have

elevated blood cholesterol levels (higher
than 240 mg/dL). Inherited forms
of hypercholesterolemia, which cause even
higher levels of cholesterol, occur less
frequently. The most common inherited
form of high cholesterol is called
familial hypercholesterolemia.
This condition affects about 1 in 500
people in most countries.
Familial hypercholesterolemia occur
s more frequently in certain
populations, including Afrikaners in
South Africa, French Canadians,
Lebanese, and Finns.
 INHERITANCE PATTERN

Most cases of high cholesterol are not

caused by a single inherited condition, but
result from a combination of lifestyle
choices and the effects of variations in many
genes.
Inherited forms of hypercholesterolemia resulting
from mutations in the LDLR, APOB, or PCSK9 gene
have an autosomal dominant pattern of
inheritance. Autosomal dominant inheritance
means one copy of an altered gene in each cell is
sufficient to cause the disorder. An affected
person typically inherits one altered copy of the
gene from an affected parent and one normal
copy of the gene from the other parent.
 Rarely, a person with
familial hypercholesterolemia is born with
two mutated copies of the LDLR gene. This
situation occurs when the person has two
affected parents, each of whom passes on
one altered copy of the gene. The presence
of two LDLR mutations results in a more
severe form of hypercholesterolemia that
usually appears in childhood.
Hypophosphatemia
 CAUSES
Well it is developed in many ways 1st is excess
loss of phosphate which can cause Primary
Hyperparathyroidism (which means too much
parathyroid hormone) that leads to excess
phosphate lost in urine by
Which is the same in the Fanconi syndrome
when the tubules loses its capacity to reabsorb.
Still excess of phosphate lost in urine
 Another cause not absorbing enough
in Gastrointestinal tract. Well
phosphate ions are absorbed in GI
track but so substance such as alcohol
or medication can block the absorption
the process which means it gets
excreted instead.
 Not Enough in Diet or intake of phosphate it
maybe unusual to be out of phosphate because it
is almost in anything we eat. An instance is
malnourished indiv. or the ones who are
depriving for food like anorexia nervosa. As
glucose becomes low, metabolisms does too but
when they suddenly eat more glucose insulin
push down new found glucose in the cell which
cause it to crave more phosphate
 Or when a person has Diabetes,when
people cannot make enough insulin for
their body. Cells are are starving in this
point. when then he/she is admitted to
the hospital, then he or she will be
injected with insulin, by which we know
that insulin causes, which push down new
glucose which causes it to crave more
phosphate to calm it down
HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA
HYPOPHOSPATEMIA
 Hypophosphatemia is defined as a serum
phosphate level of less than 2.5 mg/dL It is one
of the major components of the skeleton,
providing mineral strength to bone. Phosphate
is an integral component of the nucleic acids
that comprise DNA and RNA. Phosphate bonds
of ATP carry the energy required for all cellular
functions. It also functions as a buffer in bone,
serum, and urine.
 SYMPTOMS
Mild: None

Severe: Muscle Weakness

Osteomalacia (weak bones)

Rhabdomyolosis (Muscle Breakdown/ kidney damage)
Altered Mental Status

Hypercalcemia Symptoms
 DIAGNOSIS
It is when Phosphate levels are being Below
2.5 mg/dL

TREATMENT
Intravenous or Oral Phosphate
Close Monitoring (Blood Levels)
-for Malnutrition- Gradually increase Caloric
Intake