Hydrolysis is a reaction involving the breaking of a

bond in a molecule using water.

-The reaction mainly occurs between an ion and
water molecules and often changes the pH of a
solution.
In chemistry, there are three main types of
hydrolysis:
-salt hydrolysis,
-acid hydrolysis, and base hydrolysis
 Salt Hydrolysis
There are four possible mechanisms of forming
salts:
1. If the salt is formed from a strong base and strong acid, then the salt solution is
neutral, indicating that the bonds in the salt solution will not break apart (indicating
no hydrolysis occurred) and is basic.
2. If the salt is formed from a strong acid and weak base, the bonds in the salt solution
will break apart and becomes acidic.
3. If the salt is formed from a strong base and weak acid, the salt solution is basic and
hydrolyzes.
4. If the salt is formed from a weak base and weak acid, will hydrolyze, but the acidity
or basicity depends on the equilibrium constants of Ka and Kb. If the Ka value is
greater than the Kbvalue, the resulting solution will be acidic and vice versa.
 Strength of the acid Example Behavior
base from which they
form
(category 1) strong acids and NaCl , CaSO4 Not hydrolyze
strong bases because neither the
anion nor the cation
has a particular
affinity for H or for OH
.
(category 2) strong acids and FeCI3, CuSO4 Release cations into
weak bases solution that combine
with OH to form the
parental base.

(category 3) weak acids and of Release anions that

strong bases ------ with hydrolyze and
make the solution
more basic.
(category 4) weak acids and weak CuCO3, FeS2 Release anions and
bases cations both of which
hydrolyze.
 Hydrolysis of feldspars in granite clasts

Hydrolysis is a very important process because

most of the common rock-forming minerals of the
crust of the Earth are salts of weak acids and
strong bases. For example:

The carbon ates and silicates of the alkali metals

and alkaline earths are salts of this type.

Therefore, the anions of these minerals split water

molecules in order to form the weak parental acid
and thereby cause the hydroxyl ion concentration
of the solution to increase.
THE CARBONATE IONS REACT WITH WATER TO FORM BICARBONATE:

(1)

THE BICARBONATE IONS (HCO3)-1 ITSELFTAND ACIT

BECAUSE IT CAN RELEASE H+ INTO SOLUTIONHOWEBWE
IT ALSO HIDROLIZES.
(2)

BY APLIYING THE LAW OFMASS ACTION TO REACTION WE HAVE

(3)

AND FROM EQUATION

(4)
TO FIND THE VALUE OF THE FIRST HIDROLISYS CONSTANT KH1 WE REPLACE OH-.

(6)

WHERE KW IS THE DISSOCIATION CONSTANT OF WATER.

(7)

SINCE THE DISOCIATION OF CARBONIC ACID PROCEDSSTEPWISE:

(8)

(9)

WE SEE IN EQUATION

(10)

BY SUBSTITUING EQUATION THE SAME PROCEDURE YIELDS

(11) (12)
 To calculate the pH of a solution dissolved in 0.1 mol of K 2 CO3 in one liter of pure water at 25 C. In addition, we specify that
the gas CO2 does not escape from the solution. Since
K A1 = 106.35 , K A2 = 1010.3 and K W = 1014 ,
we find that K H1 = 103.7 y K H2 = 107.65 . Since K H1 is almost 9000 times larger than K H2 , the first reaction is much more productive
than the second. If moles of the carbonate ion are hydrolyzed in the first step, we have in equilibrium:
CO2
3 = 0.1 x

HCO
3 = [OH ] = x

Substituting in the equation 10.26 yields:

x2
= 103.7
0.1 x

if 0.1, 0.1-0.1 the approximation that 0.1 is justified.

The second stage of hydrolysis produces OH = 107.65 mol / L. The pH of a solution obtained by dissolving 0.1 mol ofK 2 CO3 in
one liter of pure water at = 25 is:
pH = 14 2.35 = 11.65
 independent equations (from the requirement of electrical neutrality and the stipulation
that the total amount of molecular and ionic carbonate species in the solution is 0.1 mol).
Salts derived from strong acids and weak bases are also hydrolyzed and the necessary
hydrolysis constants can be derived. For example, 2 is a weak base that dissociates
into two steps:

2 1
+ 2+ + 2

2 forms the salt 4 by reaction with 2 4 . When 4 dissolves in water, 2+ is

released and hydrolyzed, as shown:

2+ + 2 + + + 1
+ + 2 2 + + 2
 Hydrolysis is an important phenomenon because it enhances the solubility
of salts formed from weak acids and bases and because it tends to stabilize
the pH of salt solutions.
Hydrolysis affects the solubility of salts by producing addi tional ionic and
molecular species that permit more of the salt to dissolve.
All carbonates, silicates, phosphates, and sulfides are more soluble in acids
than in pure water because of the affinity of their anions for hydrogen ions.
The solubility of salts derived from weak acids is greatly enhanced when
they are dissolved in strong acids that provide an ample supply of
hydrogen ions

For example, if we place ferric chloride into a basic solution, the Fe3+ ion
reacts with OH- to form insoluble Fe(OH)3+
 Solutions that contain a weak acid and a salt of trol that acid are buffered
because they resist changes in their pH.

The solution has effectively stored hydrogen ions, and they are released
when a reaction occurs in this solution that consumes H+. Similarly, if
additional hydrogen ions were to be released into the solution, they would
be consumed by reacting with the carbonate and bicarbonate ions to
form more carbonic acid.