Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
AMPLITUDE
MODULATION
Analog Modulation
The purpose of a communication system is to transmit information signals (baseband
signals) through a communication channel
The term baseband is used to designate the band of frequencies representing the original
signal as delivered by the input transducer
For example, the voice signal from a microphone is a baseband signal, and
contains frequencies in the range of 0-3000 Hz
The hello wave is a baseband signal:
Need For The Modulation Process:
Application Examples
broadcasting of both audio and
video signals.
Mobile radio communications, such
as cell phone.
5
AM Modulation/Demodulation
Source Sink
Channel
Modulator Demodulator
7
* AM Signal Math Expression*
Mathematical expression for AM: time domain
S AM (t ) (1 k cos mt ) cos ct
expanding this produces:
S AM (t ) cos ct k cos mt cos ct
using : cos A cos B 1
2 cos( A B) cos( A B)
S AM (t ) cos ct k2 cos(c m )t k2 cos(c m )t
In the frequency domain this gives:
Carrier, A=1.
Amplitude k/2
k/2
frequency
k2/4 k2/4
2 2
k k
A2
Total power for AM: 4 4
k2
1
2
10
Square-law modulator
v (t ) av (t ) bv (t ) 2
o i i
m 2 (t ) and M (f f )
c
Switching modulator
v o (t ) v i (t )w (t ),where
1 2 (1)n 1
w (t ) cos 2 f c (2n 1)t
2 n 1 2n 1
A 2
v o (t ) [ m (t )]cos 2 f ct
'
2
AM Modulation Example
The information signal is usually not a single frequency but a
range of frequencies (band). For example, frequencies from
20Hz to 15KHz. If we use a carrier of 1.4MHz, what will be the
AM spectrum?
In frequency domain the AM waveform are the lower-side
frequency/band (fc - fm), the carrier frequency fc, the upper-
side frequency/band (fc + fm). Bandwidth: 2x(25K-20)Hz.
1.4 MHz
frequency
1,385,000Hz to fc 1,400,020Hz to
1,399,980Hz 1,415,000Hz
13
Modulation Index of AM Signal
For a sinusoidal message signal m(t ) Am cos(2f mt )
Carrier Signal: cos(2 f ct ) DC: AC
15
Modulation Index of AM Signal
17
Modulation Depth
Amax = maximum peak-to-peak of waveform
Amin = minimum peak-to-peak of waveform
A
m
A
c 2Ami 2Amax
n
19
Example
Determine the maximum sideband power if the carrier output
is 1 kW and calculate the total maximum transmitted power.
20
Demodulation of AM Signals
21
Envelope/Diode AM Detector
K>1
22
Synchronous or Coherent
Demodulation
23
Synchronous or Coherent
Demodulation
If the AM input contains carrier frequency, the LO or synchronous
carrier may be derived from the AM input.
24
Synchronous or Coherent
Demodulation
If we assume zero path delay between the modulator and
demodulator, then the ideal LO signal is cos(ct).
25
Coherent Detection
Assume zero path delay between the modulator and demodulator:
VX = AM input x LO
VDC m t VDC m t
Vx = + + cos 2ct + cos 2ct
2 2 2 2
Note the AM input has been 'split into two' red part' has
moved or shifted up to higher frequency: m t cos 2 t +V cos 2 t
c DC c
2
VDC m t
and blue part shifted down to baseband:
2 2
26
Diode v.s Coherent
1. Diode-: Unable to follow fast-modulation properly
2. Diode-: Power is absorbed from the tuned circuit by the
diode circuit.
3. Diode-: Distortion produced is not acceptable for some
communications.
4. Diode+: Obviously simple, low cost.
5. Coherent+: Low Distortion
6. Coherent+: Greater ability to follow fast-modulation.
7. Coherent+: The ability to provide power gain
8. Coherent-: Complex and expensive
27
Double Side Band
Suppressed Carrier
28
Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier
From AM spectrum:
Carries signal c carries no information m.
Carries signal consumes a lot of power more
than 50%
Carrier
LSB USB
c - m c c + m
Single frequency
29
DSB-SC - Theory
General expression:c(t ) [k1m(t ) C ] cos (ct c )
Mixer
(Multiplier)
B = 2m
31
DSB-SC - Implementation
Balanced modulator
32
DSB-SC - Detection
Synchronous detection v(t ) 12 m(t )
Low pass
DSB-SC Multiplier filter
Message signal
m 2c-m 2c+m 33
DSB-SC - Synchronous Detection
Case 1 - Phase error v(t ) 12 m(t ) cos
Low pass
DSB-SC Multiplier Message signal
filter
90o
phase shift
Ec sin (ct+)
0.5Ec m(t) sin
X. yqp(t) LPF
Quadrature-phase
When there is no phase error. The quadrature component is zero
When 0, yip(t) decreases, while yqp(t) increases
The out put of the phase discriminator is proportional to 35
DSB-SC - Synchronous Detection
Case 1 - Frequency error v(t ) 12 m(t ) cos
Low pass
DSB-SC Multiplier Message signal
filter
Regenerated
carrier
2c z(t)
Multiplier
2
2 MEc / 2
PT DSB SC
R 2
( MEc ) 2
4R
( MEc ) 2
PP DSB SC
R
38
DSB-SC - Summary
Advantages:
Lower power consumption
Disadvantage:
Complex detection
Applications:
- Analogue TV systems: to transmit colour information
- For transmitting stereo information in FM sound broadcast
at VHF
39