STRENGTH OF

MATERIALS

PROF. VICENTE G. BALLARAN JR.

NORMAL STRESS

-the intensity of force, or force

per unit area, acting
normal/perpendicular to the
area on which it acts.

= P/A
 EXAMPLE

A cantilever truss is loaded as shown. Determine the

cross-sectional areas of BD, AC, and CE if the
stresses will not exceed 60 MPa in compression or
90 MPa in tension.
B 5m D

A E
5m C 5m

20 kN
30 kN
EXAMPLE

Determine the largest weight of lamp that can be

supported by the two rods AB and BC as shown in
the figure. The stress in either rod is not to exceed 10
MPa. Rods AB and BC have diameters of 10 mm and
8 mm, respectively.
A C

5
3
4
60o B
SHEAR STRESS:

- the intensity of force, or force

per unit area, acting
tangent/parallel to the area
resisting the force.

= V/A
EXAMPLE

Determine the diameter of pin F if the maximum

cross shearing stress is 70 MPa.
A
BF
2m

CF
3m
20 kN
C Details of pin F
E
F
D

6 kN
20 kN
1m 2m 2m
EXAMPLE

As in Figure, a hole is to be punched out of a plate

having a shearing strength of 40 ksi. The
compressive stress in the punch is limited to 50 ksi.
(a) Compute the maximum thickness of plate from
which a hole 2.5 in. in diameter can be punched.
(b) If the plate is 0.25 in. thick, determine the
diameter of the smallest hole that can be punched.
P
BEARING STRESS:
- a normal stress that is produced by the
compression of one surface against
another. It differs from compressive stress
in that the latter is the internal stress
caused by a compressive force, whereas the
former is a contact pressure between
separate bodies.

b = Pb / Ab
EXAMPLE

The end chord of a timber truss is framed into the

bottom chord as shown in figure. Neglecting friction,
(a) compute dimension b if the allowable shearing
stress is 900 kPa; and (b) determine dimension c so
that the bearing stress does not exceed 7 MPa.
P = 50 kN
30o

b
30o
c
EXAMPLE

The shaft is subjected to the axial force of 30 kN. If

the shaft passes through the 53-mm diameter hole in
the fixed support A, determine the bearing stress
acting on the collar C. Also, what is the average shear
stress acting along the inside surface of the collar
where it is fixed connected to the 52-mm diameter
shaft?
52 mm A
C
30 kN 60 mm

10 mm
53 mm

40 mm
STRAIN

the geometrical quantity that is measured using

experimental techniques.
Normal Strain
- a measure of the elongation or contraction of a line segment per
unit of length
Shear Strain
- a measure of the change in angle that occurs between two line
segments that were originally perpendicular to one another
EXAMPLE

The aluminium and steel pipes shown in the figure

are fastened to rigid supports at ends A and B and to
a rigid plate C at their junction. The aluminium pipe
is twice as long as the steel pipe. Two equal and
symmetrically placed loads P act on the plate at C.
Calculate the stresses (indicate whether tensile or
compressive) for the following data: P = 20 kips,
cross-sectional area of aluminium pipe Aa = 9.23 in2,
cross-sectional area of steel pipe As = 2.12 in2, Ea =
10x106 psi, and Es = 29x106 psi.
EXAMPLE

A
Steel pipe
L
P P

2L
Aluminium pipe

B
EXAMPLE

A rectangular rubber (200 mm x 60 mm x 50 mm)

with a modulus of rigidity of 630 MPa is bonded to a
rigid block at its bottom. Knowing that the top of the
rubber moves through 2 mm under the action of
force, determine the force P exerted on the rubber.
200 mm

50 mm P
TORSION

the stress developed in a twisting body

Angle of twist:
= TL/JG

Torsion Formula:
= Tr / J
EXAMPLE

An aluminum shaft with a constant diameter of 50

mm is loaded by torques applied to gears attached to
it as shown in Figure. Using G = 28 GPa, determine
the relative angle of twist of gear D to gear A.
600 N-m

900 N-m
A

1100 N-m B

800 N-m
C

D
EXAMPLE

A 2 m steel shaft (20 cm in diameter) is solid on the

right half and hollow (12 cm inside diameter) on the
other half. A bronze shaft (12 cm in diameter) is
inserted and rigidly fastened inside the hollow steel.
If a torque T = 100 N-m is applied at its ends as
shown in the figure, determine (a) the stress in the
bronze; (b) the angle of twist of one end relative to
the other end. Use Gs = 75 GPa; Gb = 38 GPa.
steel

T = 100 N-m bronze steel T = 100 N-m

STRESSES IN BEAMS

FLEXURE STRESS
the stress caused by the bending moment

= My / I

HORIZONTAL SHEAR STRESS

t = VQ / Ib
EXAMPLE

A cantilever beam, 50 mm wide by 180 mm high and

6 m long carries a load that varies uniformly from
zero at the free end to 800 N/m at the wall. (a)
Compute the magnitude and location of the
maximum flexural stress. (b) Determine the type and
magnitude of the stress in a fiber 40 mm from the
top of the beam at a section 3 m from the free end.
EXAMPLE

The beam is composed of three pieces of timber

glued together as shown. The maximum horizontal
shearing stresses are not to exceed 800 kPa and 900
kPa in the glue joint and the wood, respectively. The
flexural stress is not to exceed 12 MPa anywhere in
the beam. What is the maximum permissible value of
P?
6P, N 6P, N
150 mm
50 mm

1m 4m 1m
150 mm
9P, N-m
A B C D
50 mm