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Signs
tachypnea
elevated jugular venous pressures
hepatomegaly
lower-extremity edema
Cyanosis is a late finding
wheezes and crackles
hyperresonance of the lungs
Splitting of the second heart sound
Sign:
A systolic ejection murmur with a
sharp ejection click over the region of
the pulmonary artery
a diastolic pulmonary regurgitation
murmur
systolic murmur of tricuspid
regurgitation.
Sign
left parasternal or subxiphoid heave.
Hepatojugular reflux and pulsatile liver are
signs of RV failure with systemic venous
congestion
Diagnosis
ECG
P pulmonale, right axis deviation, and RV
hypertrophy
Chest X Ray
enlargement of the main pulmonary
artery, hilar vessels, and the descending
right pulmonary artery
CT,MRI
Differential Dx/
Atrial myxoma
Blood disorders that are associated with increased
blood viscosity
Congestive (biventricular) heart failure
Constrictive pericarditis
High-output heart failure
Infiltrative cardiomyopathies
Primary pulmonic stenosis
Right heart failure due to right ventricular infarction
Right heart failure due to congenital heart diseases
Ventricular septal defect
Laboratorium
Hematocrit for polycythemia
Coagulations studies to evaluate
hypercoagulability states
Arterial blood gas
Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
Chest Radiography
In patients with chronic cor pulmonale,
the chest radiograph may show
enlargement of the central pulmonary
arteries with oligemic peripheral lung
fields.
ECG
Right axis deviation
R/S amplitude ratio in V1 greater than 1 (an
increase in anteriorly directed forces may be a sign
of posterior infarction)
R/S amplitude ratio in V6 less than 1
P-pulmonale pattern (an increase in P wave
amplitude in leads 2, 3, and aVF)
S 1 Q 3 T 3 pattern and incomplete (or complete)
right bundle branch block, especially if pulmonary
embolism is the underlying etiology
Low-voltage QRS because of underlying COPD
with hyperinflation
Additionally, many rhythm
disturbances may be present in
chronic cor pulmonale; these range
from isolated premature atrial
depolarizations to various
supraventricular tachycardias,
including paroxysmal atrial
tachycardia, multifocal atrial
tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, atrial
flutter, and junctional tachycardia.
2-D and Doppler Echocardiography
signs of chronic right ventricular (RV)
pressure overload. increased thickness of
the RV wall with paradoxical motion of the
interventricular septum during systole occurs.
At an advanced stage, RV dilatation occurs,
and the septum shows abnormal diastolic
flattening.
In extreme cases, the septum may actually
bulge into the left ventricular (LV) cavity
during diastole, resulting in decreased LV
diastolic volume and reduction of LV output.
tricuspid insufficiency
tricuspid annular plane systolic
excursion (TAPSE) for global RV
function.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism
Imaging Studies
Pulmonary angiography
computed tomography pulmonary
angiography (CTPA)
CMR. Such a technique can be useful
in determining the size and location of
an infarction.
Nuclear imaging
Right heart catheterization
Lung biopsy
Overview of Cor Pulmonale
Management