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1. OBJECTIVES
2. POWER QUALITY
3. SOURCES OF HARMONICS
4. EFFECTS OF HARMONICS ON ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
5. HARMONIC STANDARDS
6. HARMONIC MITIGATING TECHNIQUES
7. FILTERS- PASSIVE, ACTIVE AND HYBRID FILTERS
8. CONCLUSIONS
1.0
1- 0.5 80%
Uncontrolled (high 3rd
Current
0.0
Rectifier component)
-0.5
10 20 30 40
0
-1.0
Time (mS)
1.0
2nd, 3rd, 4th ,......
1- 0.5
harmonic
Current
1.0
0.0
filtering and without
-0.5
input reactor filter 0
10 20 30 40 5, 7, 11, .
-1.0
Time (mS)
Current
filtering and with 3% 0.0 5, 7, 11, ..
reactor filter or with -0.5
continues output 0
10 20 30 40
-1.0
current Time (mS)
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5
11, 13, ..
0 10 20 30 40
-1.0 Time (mS)
~2
Vh
(8)
h 1
Drive kVA
THD % HF 100 (9)
SC kVA
h 2 I 2h / I1 (10)
HF Harmonic Factor = h 5
D Distortion VA S2 P 2 Q2
~ ~ ~ ~
P Vh Ih cos h , Q Vh Ih sin h (16)
h 1 h 1
D Distortion Power Snm S*nm S S*
n m (17)
n m n m
n m n m
~ 2~ 2
~~ 2 ~~
S Vh Ih V1 I1 V1 IH 2 V~H~I1 2
h 1
~ ~
VH IH
2
S12 S2N (19)
~~
S1 Fundamenta l Apparent Power V1 I1
~~ 2 ~ ~ 2 ~ ~ 2
S2N V1 IH VH I1 VH IH
~ ~
VH I1 Voltage Distortion Power (21)
~ ~
VH IH Harmonic Apparent Power (22)
~
V2 ~I ~I
2 3
2
200 10 10 8 10 VA
2 2 2 6 2
~ ~
P2 Q2 D2 V2 I 2
~~ ~
P V I1 cos 1 I1
PF power factor ~~ cos 1
S VI I
Displacement factor cos 1
1
0.707
2
I
Distortion factor 1
20
0.817
I 600
Therefore, the power factor is
1 2
PF 0.577
2 6
18 IEEE PESC-02 JUNE 2002
EXAMPLE 2
NONSINUSOIDAL VOLTAGE-RL LOAD
A periodic, sinusoidal voltage given by v 2 200sin t 200sin 5t 30o
is applied to a series, linear, resistance-inductance load of resistance 4 and
fundamental frequency reactance 10.
Calculate the degree of power factor improvement realizable by capacitance
Compensation when f1 50HZ.
~
Solution. The rms terminal voltage V is given by
~ ~2 ~2
V V1 V5
200 2 200 2
Therefore
~
V 283V
Z1 4 j10
Z1 10.8
1 tan 1 10 / 4 68.2o
19 IEEE PESC-02 JUNE 2002
5 51 50
Z5 4 j50
Z5 50
5 tan 1 50 / 4 85.4o
The instantaneous load current is given by
i 2
200
sin t 68.2o
200
sin 5t 30o 85.4o
10.8 50
~
The rms load current I is therefore given by
~ 2 ~ 2
~ 2 ~ 2 ~ 2 V1 V5
I I1 I5
Z1 Z5
18.52 2 4 2 359A 2
S2 V 2 I 2 28.72 106 VA
~ ~ 2
n
~ ~ ~~ ~ ~
P Vn In cos L V1 I1 cos 1 V2 I2 cos 2 ...
1
Calculate the components SLR , SLX , SLD of the load apparent voltamperes
and compare thee with the classical values PL , QL , DL respectively.
Solution.
v 2 200sin t 200sin 2t - 30o
iL 2 20 sint 45 10 sin2t 60 10 sin3t 60
o o o
Note that the presence of the load nonlinearity causes a frequency component
of load current (I.e. the third harmonic term) that is not present in the supply
voltage.
i R 2 20 cos 45o sin t 10 cos 300 sin 2t 30o
~2
ILR 2
20 cos 45o 10 cos 30o
2
11
4
10 2 A 2
i X 2 20 sin 45o cos t 10 sin 300 cos 2t 30o
~2
ILX 2
20 sin 45o 10 sin 30o 2 9
10 2 A 2
4
iD 2 10 sin 3t 60 o
~2
ILD 10 2 A 2
V ILR 10 8 10 4 22 106 VA
2 ~ 2 ~ 2 11 2 2
S LR
4
V ILX 10 8 10 4 18 106 VA
2 ~ 2~ 2 9 2 2
S LX
4
10 2 8 10 4 8 106 VA
~ ~2
S2LD V 2 ILD
2
48106 VA 2
S2L
Components PL , QL , DL of SL are found as follows:
2
n
~ ~
PL Vn1 In1 cos n1
2
1
o
200 20 cos 45 200 10 cos 30
o 2
2
100 20 2 10 3
2
10 6 2 2 3
2
10 6 8 3 4 6 20.8 10 6 S2LR
106 2 2 1 14.6 106 S2LX
Both SLR and SLX are entirely fictitious and non-physical. The active
of the load apparent voltamperes that can be entirely compensated (for sinusoidal
supply voltage) or minimized (for nonsinusoidal supply voltage) by energy-storage
methods.
Harmonic dam
High-impedance
Cheapest
VA ratings = Load current (Fundamental drop across filter + Load Harmonic Voltage)
Rtot Ltot IS If
C Ih
VS
AC Source Harmonic
Load
Z in
This figure shows that by adding some typical sizes of power factor correction capacitors will
result in the magnification of the 5th and 7th harmonic components, which in turns makes it
even more difficult to meet the IEEE 519-1992 harmonic current standards .
- Power factor correction capacitors should not be used without turning reactors in case the
adjustable speed drives are >10% of the plant load.
43 IEEE PESC-02 JUNE 2002
EXAMPLE
Let us examine an industrial plant with the following data:
- Medium voltage = 20KVLL
- Low voltage = 0.4 KVLL
- Utility three phase short circuit power = 250 MVA
- For asymmetrical current, the X ratio of system impedance 2.4
R
The Transformer is rated:
1000 0.42
Xc 0.267
600
C 11.94 103 F
f o 237.97HZ
h 4.76
45 IEEE PESC-02 JUNE 2002
Case d:
1000 0.42
Xc 0.2
800
C 15.92 103 F
f o 206.08HZ
h 4.12
It is clear for the above system that in the 600 KVAR case, there
exists a parallel resonant frequency f o close to the 5th harmonic.
As it can be seen from the above figure significant reduction of the 5th
harmonic is achieved. Moreover, there is some reduction for all the other
harmonic components.
48 IEEE PESC-02 JUNE 2002
The single phase equivalent circuit of the power distribution system
with the tuned filter is shown below
T
Ground (input)
+ Gnd
v
-
200m cable 4x240 50m cable 4x1 V1
Ground (output)1
Voltage Measurement3
+
v
-
+
Current Measurement4
-
i
voltage
Scope1
i
-
itot
+
Scope2 +
i
Scope4
-
chock2%5
chock2%3 chock2%1
AC Voltage Source
Ground (input)8
Ground (input)5 Ground (input)4
Ground (output)
Current Measurement5
i i
+ +
- -
Current Measurement3
Current Measurement1
-
i
AC Current Source1
AC Current Source
Ground (input)1
500 20
I
[% I1]
[A] 15
-500
10
-1500
5
-2500 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 2 5 8 11 14 17 20 23
Time [ms] Harmonics
Input current of a 6-pulse Rectifier driving a DC machine without any input filtering
5000
35%
30%
2500
I Dynacomp [A]
25%
20%
[%I1]
0
15%
-2500 10%
5%
-5000 0%
0 10 20 30 40 2 5 8 11 14 17 20 23
Time [ms] Harmonics
Input current with Active Filtering
[% U1]
0
6
-500 4
2
-1000 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 2 5 8 11 14 17 20 23
Time [ms] Harmonics
Typical 6-pulse drive voltage waveform
1000 14
12
500
10
U [V]
[% U]
0
6
-500 4
2
-1000 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 2 5 8 11 14 17 20 23
Time [ms] Harmonics
LF
Equivalent circuit
54 IEEE PESC-02 JUNE 2002
ADVANTAGES OF THE SHUNT OR PARALLEL
ACTIVE FILTER
Source voltage
Load current
Source current
A. F. output current
vu
v 2 1 1/ 2 1/ 2
v vv
3 0 3/2 3 / 2
v w
i Lu
i L 2 1 1/ 2 1/ 2
i i
Lv
L 3 0 3/2 3 / 2
i Lw
p L v v i L
q v v i L
L
where
p L pL p L ~
pL DC + low frequency comp. + high freq. comp.
q L qL q L ~
qL DC + low frequency comp. + high freq. comp.
iCu 1 0 1
2 v v p
i Cv 3 1/ 2 3/2
- v v q
i 1 / 2 3 / 2
Cw
p ~
pL
~ Current Harmonics compensation is achieved
q qL
p ~
pL
~ Current Harmonics and low frequency variation
q q L qL
Components of reactive power compensation
p pL ~
pL
Current Harmonics and low frequency variation
q q L ~
Components of active and reactive power compensation
qL
iAF K V vh
The active filter behaves like a resistor 1/KV ohms to the external circuit for
harmonic frequencies without altering the fundamental components.
The current control circuit compares the reference current i AF with the actual
current of the active filter i AF and amplifies the error by a gain KI . Each phase
voltage detected at the point of installation, v is added to each magnified error
signal, thus constituting a feed forward compensation in order to improve current
controllability. As a result, the current controller yields three-phase voltage
references. Then, each reference voltage v i is compared with a high frequency
triangular waveform to generate the gate signals for the power semiconductor
devices.
ZF
ISh
ZF Lh K Z Z
I
h 2 F S
I Lh K ZF ZS THD i
IS1
VC VT
vAF K i F5
As a result, the active filter acts as a pure resistor of K ohms for the 5th
harmonic voltage and current. The impedance of the hybrid filter at the 5th
harmonic frequency, Z5 is given by
1
Z5 j5L F rf K
j5C F
1
K rF VBUS5 0 , IS5 VS5
j5L T
The control circuit consists of two parts; a circuit for extracting the
5th current harmonic component from the passive filter iF and a circuit
that adjusts automatically the gain K. The reference voltage for the
active filter
v AF K i F5
HARMONIC-EXTRACTING CIRCUIT
The extracting circuit detects the three-phase currents that flow into
the passive filter using the AC current transformers and then the -
coordinates are transformed to those on the d-g coordinates by
using a unit vector (cos5t, sin5t) with a rotating frequency of
five times as high as the line frequency.
By inserting a series Active Filter between the AC source and the load
where the harmonic source is existing we can force the source current to
become sinusoidal. The technique is based on a principle of harmonic
isolation by controlling the output voltage of the series active filter.
Equivalent Circuit
ZL I L VS
IS (62)
ZS ZL KG ZS ZL KG
G1 0 , G h 1 (63)
If K ZL h and K ZS ZL h (64)
Then
IS 0 (66)
EFFECTS OF HARMONICS
[9] J.M. Bowyer, Three-Part Harmony: System Interactions Leading
to a Divergent Resonant System, IEEE Trans. on Industry
Applications, Vol. 31, No. 6, Nov/Dec 1995, pp. 1341-1349.
[10] R.D. Hondenson and P.J. Rose, Harmonics: the Effects on power
Quality and Transformers, IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications,
Vol. 30, No.3, May/June 1994, pp. 528-532.
[11] J.S. Subjak and J. S. McQuilkin, Harmonics-Causes, effects,
Measurements and Analysis: An Update, IEEE Trans. on Industry
Applications, Vol. 26, No. 6, Nov/Dec 1990, pp. 103-1042.
[12] P.Y. Keskar, Specification of Variable Frequency Drive Systems
to Meet the New IEEE 51 Standard, IEEE Trans. on Industry
Applications, Vol.32, No.2, March/April 1996, pp. 393-402.
79 IEEE PESC-02 JUNE 2002
[13] T.S. Key, Cost and Benefits of Harmonic Current Reduction for
Switch-Mode Power Supplies in a Commercial Building, IEEE
Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 32, No. 5,
September/October 1996, pp. 1017-1025.
MODELING
[40] IEEE Task Force on Modeling and Simulation, Modeling and
Simulation of the propagation of harmonies in electric power
networks, Part I: Concepts, models, and simulation techniques,
IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 11, No. 1, Jan. 1996, pp. 452-
465.
[41] IEEE Task Force on Modeling and Simulation Modeling and
Simulation of the propagation of harmonies in electric power
networks, Part II: Sample systems and examples, IEEE Trans.
on Power Delivery, Vol. 11, No. 1, Jan. 1996, pp. 466-474.
[42] W. Jewel et al, Filtering Dispersed harmonic Sources on
Distribution, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 15, No. 3, July
2000, pp. 1045-1051.
[43] N.K. Madora and A. Kusko, Computer-Aided Design and
Analysis of Power-Harmonic Filters IEEE Trans. on Industry
Applications, Vol. 36, No. 2, March/April 2000, pp.604-613.
85 IEEE PESC-02 JUNE 2002