Chapter 1: Fundamentals Laws

Prepared by: Lim Ying Pei

FKK, UiTM Shah Alam
PART III
Fundamental Laws
3. EQUATION OF MOTION
- Force is equal to mass times acceleration for a
system with constant mass M.
 Equation of motion for a system
time rate of change of momentum in the i direction(mass
times velocity in the i direction) is equal to the net sum of
the forces pushing in the i direction.

time rate of change of net sum of the forces

momentum in the i = pushing in the i direction.
direction

It can be thought of as a dynamic force balance. Or more

eloquently it is called the conservation of momentum.
Example 2.9

Question: Develop a force

balance for the liquid flowing
through the pipe. Assume the
system is in plug-flow conditions
and incompressible liquid. The
frictional force will be
proportional to the square of the
velocity and the length of the
pipe.
 Assumptions:
Plug flow conditions
Incompressible liquid
Example 2.10
Petroleum pipelines are sometimes used for transferring several
products from one location to another on a batch basis, i.e., one
product at a time. To reduce product contamination at the end of a
batch transfer, a leather ball or pig that just fits the pipe is inserted in
one end of the line. Inert gas is introduced behind the pig to push it
through the line, thus purging the line of whatever liquid is in it. Refer
Figure 2.8

Question: Write a force balance on the liquid in the pipe as it is pushed

out. Assume the pig is weightless and frictionless compared with the
liquid in the line. The liquid is incompressible (density p) and flows in
plug flow. It exerts a frictional force proportional to the square of its
velocity and to the length of pipe still containing liquid.
mass of fluid in the pipe is =
Fundamental Laws
4. TRANSPORT EQUATION
 Fundamental Laws
4. TRANSPORT EQUATION
MOMENTUM
Newtons Law
z= - dvz/dr
Driving Force :
MASS velocity gradient
ENERGY
Ficks Law Physical property:
Fouriers Law
NA= -DA dCA/dz Viscosity,
qz= -KT dT/dz
Driving Force :
Driving Force :
concentration
temperature
gradient
gradient
Physical property:
Physical property:
Diffusivity, DA
Thermal
Conductivity, KT
Fundamental Laws
5. EQUATION OF STATE

- enthalpy equations
1. 2.
3. total enthalpy for mixtures of components
Perfect gas law
Fundamental Laws
6. EQUILIBRIUM

A: CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
Example:
B: PHASE EQUILIBRIUM

Daltons law: (vapor phase)

the partial pressure of the jth component in the vapor is equal to the
total pressure P times the mole fraction of the jth component in the
vapor yj
Fundamental Laws
7. CHEMICAL KINETICS