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Convection Heat
Transfer
“Heat transfer between a fluid and a bounding surface is known
as convection heat transfer”
Boiling Condensation
Where
q”= the convective heat flux (W/m2)
TS= solid surface temperature
T= Fluid temperature
h= convection heat transfer coefficient (W/m2/K)
Dynamic viscosity ( )
Thermal conductivity (k)
Density ()
Specific heat (Cp)
Fluid velocity (V)
Type of fluid flow (laminar / turbulent)
Geometry and roughness of the solid surface
Fluid-surface
interaction develops a region in the fluid known as
Hydrodynamic or velocity boundary layer.
If the surface and flow temperatures differ, there will be a region
of fluid through which temperature varies from TS to T in the
outer flow.
When fluid particles make contact with the surface, their velocity is
reduced significantly relative to the fluid velocity.
In the boundary layer faster layer of fluid will try to drag along the
slower one, because of friction/ interlocking between two layers.
Drag force per unit area is called shear stress.
Asa result, the x-component of the fluid velocity (u) will vary
from 0 at y= 0 to nearly u at y=
If Re>5x105,
velocity boundary layer is turbulent and velocity distribution
follows the log-law or power law.
If Re is critical,
The boundary layer changes from laminar to turbulent, which
depends on
Turbulence in ambient flow
Surface roughness
Pressure gradient
Temperature difference
For turbulent flow, where large velocity fluctuation occurs, the
equation of Newton's law of shear stress is inappropriate.
Reynoldsstress model
K-ε model
K- model
Hot plate and cold fluid
Cold plate and hot fluid
Likewisevelocity boundary layer, a thermal boundary layer
develops when a fluid at a specified temperature flows over a
surface that is at a different temperature.
The fluid particles in the layer adjacent to the surface will reach
thermal equilibrium with the plate and assume the surface
temperature Ts.
These fluid particles will then exchange energy with the particles
in the adjoining-fluid layer, and so on.
Noting that the fluid velocity will have a strong influence on the
temperature profile.
Fluid motion
Heat conduction
Many variables
Empirical Correlations for Convection
Heat Transfer
Despite of the complexity of convection, the rate of convection heat
transfer is observed to be proportional to the temperature difference
as expressed by Newton’s law of cooling:
Q conv hA(TS T )
Therefore convection heat transfer co-efficient (h) can be defined as
“The rate of heat transfer between a solid surface and fluid per unit
surface per unit temperature difference”.
For Cylinder
Re .Pr
1 1 4
hD 2 3 Re 5 5
0.3 1 28200 8
1 0.4 / Pr
Nu cyl
1
k 2
3
4
For sphere
1
0.4 4
hD 1 2
Nu sph 2 0.4 Re 0.06 Re Pr
2 3
k s
Empirical Correlations for Convection
Heat Transfer
ii. Prandtl Number (Pr)
It is ratio of molecular diffusivity of momentum to molecular
diffusivity of heat.
Pr
k
Cp
C p
Pr
k
Oils 50 - 100000
Surfaces that are slightly contoured such as turbine blades can also be
approximated as flat plates with reasonable accuracy.
The x-coordinate is measured along the plate surface from the leading edge of
the plate in the direction of the flow, and y is measured from the surface in the
normal direction.
The fluid approaches the plate in the x-direction with a uniform upstream velocity,
which is equivalent to the free stream velocity u.
hx x
Nu x
k
(Pr 0.6)
Nu x 0.332 Re 1x/ 2 . Pr 1 / 3
For average friction coefficient and Nusselt number over entire plate
1.328
Cf 1 / 2
Re L
hL
Nu
k
Nu 0.664 Re 1L/ 2 . Pr 1 / 3
Nu L C Re mL . Pr n
Most flows encountered in engineering practice are turbulent,
and thus it is important to understand how turbulence affects on
wall shear stress and heat transfer.
Even when the mean flow is steady, the eddying motion in turbulent
flow causes significant fluctuations in the values of velocity,
temperature, pressure and even density (in compressible flow).
Tf = (Ts+T)/2
Tf =(20+60)/2 = 40°C
VL
Re L
25
Re L
242 10 6
Re L 4.13 10 4
Thus, we have laminar flow over the entire plate, and the average
friction coefficient is determine from
The average friction coefficient
1.328
C f 1/ 2
Re L
C f 1.328 Re L0.5
C f 0.00653
The drag force acting on the plate per unit width become
V 2
FD C f A
2
876 (2) 2
FD 0.00653(5 1)
2
FD 57.2
This force corresponds to the weight of a mass of about 6kg .
Similarly, the Nusselt number is determined using the laminar flow
relation for a plate.
hL
Nu 0.664 Re 1L/ 2 . Pr 1 / 3
k
Nu 1918
Then the convective heat transfer coefficient is
k 0.114
h Nu 1918
L 5
h 55.2W / m 2 .0 C
Heat transfer rate
Q conv hA(T TS )
Q conv 11040W
Problem:
The local atmospheric pressure in Denver, Colorado (elevation 1610
m), is 83.4 kPa. Air at this pressure and 20°C flows with a velocity of
8 m/s over a hot 1.5 m x 6 m flat plate whose temperature is 130°C as
shown in fig.
Determine the rate of heat transfer from the plate if the air flows
parallel to the (a) 6-m-long side and (b) the 1.5-m side.
Tf = (Ts- T)/2
Tf =(130+20)/2 = 77°C
Tf =350K
From property table at pressure of 1 atm
8 6
Re L
250 10 5
Re L 1.92 10 6
ReL is greater than the critical Reynolds number and flow is turbulent.
Thus, we have combined laminar and turbulent flow and the average
Nusselt number for the entire plate is determine from.
hL
Nu (0.037 Re 0L.8 871) Pr 1 / 3
k
Nu 2727
Then the convective heat transfer coefficient is
k 0.0297
h Nu 2727
L 6
h 13.5W / m 2 .0 C
Heat transfer rate
Q conv hA(TS T )
Q conv 13850W
(b) When air flow is along the short side, we have L=1.5 m, and the
Reynolds number at the end of the plate becomes
VL
Re L
8 1.5
Re L
250 10 5
Re L 4.80 10 5
This Reynolds number is less than the critical Reynolds number.
Thus we have laminar flow over the entire plate, and the average
Nusselt number is determine from
hL
Nu 0.664 Re 1L/ 2 . Pr 1 / 3
k
Nu 410
Then
k 0.0297
h Nu 410
L 1.5
h 8.12W / m 2 .0 C
Q conv hA(TS T )
Q conv 8330W
This is considerably less than the heat transfer rate determined in
case (a).
Discussion: Note that the direction of fluid flow can have a
significant effect on convection heat transfer to or from a surface .
In this case, we can increase the heat transfer rate by 65 percent by
simply blowing the air along the long side of the rectangular plate
instead of the short side.
In external/ flat plate flow, the free-stream velocity served as a
convenient reference velocity for use in the evaluation of the
Reynolds number and the friction coefficient.
The fluid velocity in a tube changes from zero at the surface because
of the no-slip condition, to a maximum at the tube center.
Also, the fluid properties in internal flow are usually evaluated at the
bulk mean fluid temperature, which is the arithmetic average of the
mean temperatures at the inlet and the exit.
That is,
Ti Te
AMTE Ts
2
AMTD Ts Tb
Tb Ti Te / 2
Consider laminar flow in a circular tube of radius r where fluid enters
the tube with a uniform velocity.
We know that when the fluid makes contact with the surface,
viscous effects become important, and a boundary layer develops with
increasing x.
Following this merger, viscous effects extend over the entire cross
section and the velocity profile no longer changes with increasing x.
The flow is then said to be fully developed, and the distance from the
entrance at which this condition is achieved is termed the
Hydrodynamic entry length. the fully developed velocity profile is
parabolic for laminar flow in a circular tube.
In laminar flow
Lh = 0.05 Re D
L th = 0.05 Re Pr D
In Turbulent flow
L h = L th = 10D
Friction factor (f)
f = 64 / Re
Where
µb = Dynamic viscosity at bulk mean temperature
Nu = 3.66
If qs = constant
Nu = 4.36
Dh = 4Ac / p
h = KNu / Dh
Ac = x-section area of the tube
P = parimeter (P = 3.14D)
Friction factor:
f = 0.184 Re -0.2
Nusselt number:
Nu = 0.125f Re Pr1/3
Nu = 0.023Re0.8 Prn
The layer along the inner surface of tube up to the entrance length /
fully developed region is known as boundary layer
Boundary layers along the tube walls meet at the centre of the tube
and entire flow acquires the characteristics of the boundary layer.
Once boundary layer thickness equal to the radius of tube, there will
not be any further change in the velocity distribution.
0.03
3.14
Ac D 2 2
4 4
Ac 7.069 10 4 m 2
For total surface area of the tube
m V
V 10 L / min
V 0.01m 3 / min
m 992.1 0.01
m 0.1654 kg / sec
Heat supplied to water to increase the temperature from 15 to 65oC
C p Te Ti
Q m
Q 0.1654 4.17965 15
Q 34.6 KJ / sec
Q 34.6 Kw
Lh Lth 10 D 10 0.03
Lh Lth 0.3m
Now, substitute values in equation