CHE329

Petrochemical , Manufacturing & Application

Module 1
Chemical Industries Overview
Course Outcome

Apply principles related to

chemical reactions to determine
rate kinetics.
Course Learning Outcome
By the end of the module, students should be able to:

• Describe the structure of

1 Chemical Industries

• Identify the types of

2 Precursors and raw materials

• Identify the type of consumer

3 products
 1.Structure of
Chemical
Industries

OUTLINE

3.Type of 2.Types of
consumer Precursors and
products raw materials
Structure of Chemical Industries
Raw material Base Chemicals Intermediates Final Products

Inorganic Ethene Plastics

Acetic acid
• Air, propene Electronic
• water,
formaldehyde materials
• minerals butene
Fibers
benzene urea
synthesis Solvents
gas ethene oxide
Organic ammonia Detergents
• Oil, acrylonitrille
• coal, methanol Perfumes
• natural gas sulphuric acetaldehyde Insecticides
acid
terephtalate
chlorine acid pharmaceuticals
 Base
chemicals

Bulk
Chemicals
Intermediates
 Advanced
Chemicals

Final
Product
s

Consumer
products
Specialities
Survey of Petrochemical Industries
First stage: Conversion raw materials into base chemicals
ethane

Lower alkenes Propene

butadiene

benzene
Primary raw materials
(Crude oil and natural Aromatics
gas) toluene

xylenes

ammonia
Synthesis gas (mixture of mainly
hydrogen and carbon monoxide)
methanol
First stage: Conversion raw materials into base chemicals

Lower alkenes
• produced by steam cracking of ethane or naphta

Aromatics
• produced in the catalytic reforming process

Synthesis gas feedstock for ammonia and methanol

• produced by steam reforming of natural gas
2nd stage: Formation of Chemical Intermediates

• In the second stage, a variety of chemical operations is

conducted, often with the aim to introduce various hetero-
atoms (oxygen, chlorine, sulfur, etc) into the molecule.

• This leads to the formation of chemical intermediates such as

acetic acid, formaldehyde and ethane oxide and monomers
like acrylonitrile, terephtalic acid and so on.
Final Series: Advanced chemicals, industrial
specialties and consumer products
• A final series of operation often consist of a number of steps
are needed to obtain advanced chemicals, industrial
specialties and consumer products.
Final Series: Advanced chemicals, industrial
specialties and consumer products

plastics (polyvinylchloride aka PVC),

synthetic
agrochemicals
fiber (polyester/polyethene
fertilizers
elastomers
(herbicides,
paints
(ammonium
vitamins,
and
(polybutadiene),
coatings,
insecticides,
terephthalate
nitrate),fungicides),
aka PET),
Summary
References & Acknowledgement
• Jacob A. Moulijn, Michiel Makkee, Annelies Van Diepen
(2007). Chemical Process Technology. John Wiley & Sons.
 Developer

Zarina Omar
zarin363@tganu.uitm.edu.my
Faculty of Chemical Engineering