Conceptual Framework in Seismic

Interpretation
KEYS TO SUCCESS :
► TECTONIC KNOWLEDGE TO GET BETTER
FAULT MODEL
► ROBUST CATALOGUE OF GEOLOGIC
PATTERNS (SEDIMENTOLOGY,
STRATIGRAPHY, STRUCTURE, WELL LOG,
ETC)
► GOOD WORKING KNOWLEDGE OF
INTERPRETATION SOFTWARE
► GOOD UNDERSTANDING OF STRENGTHS
AND WEAKNESS OF GEOPHYSICAL DATA
Observations without a framework…
With a framework, the observations make sense…
Henry Posamentier
Plate Tectonic
 When we talk about geology…
!
We will talk about x, y, z, and time!!!
!
Gravity Model is Useful to Understand
Regional Structure Especially related to
the possible Basement Structure
Geophysical data can’t be interpreted
without knowing the answer

Hasbrouck, 1961.pers.comm

Where oil is first found is in

the minds of men

Wallace Pratt
 Check Your Data

Don’t forget to check navigation data!!

Seismic Data Analysis, OZ Yilmaz 2001
Seismic Data Analysis, OZ Yilmaz 2001
An unmigrated volume of CMP stacked data After 3-D poststack time migration

c. After 3-D poststack depth migration

Seismic Data Analysis, OZ Yilmaz 2001 (Data courtesy Amoco Production)
A portion of a CMP-stacked section and its filtered versions

Seismic Data Analysis, OZ Yilmaz 2001

The CMP stack after time-variant filtering After instantaneous AGC scaling

After migration After AGC scaling

Seismic Data Analysis, OZ Yilmaz 2001

 What could geoscientists
learn from seismic data???

Back to Basic, Look at the rock!!!

How to built better Seismic Interpretation ?
► Review Geological Setting
► Quality The Seismic Data
► Well Tie Seismic Data
► Combination Data (Mud Log, Wire Line Log,
Biostratigraphy, Core, ect)
► Look at Amplitude Reflection and Stratal Termination
► Understand all data and appreciate their defects
► Use time (or depth) slices/horizontal sections
► Visualize subsurface structure
► Select the color scheme with care
► Question data phase and polarity
► Undersatnd the seismic attributes you use
Seismic in Hydrocarbon Exploration
Basic Terminologies in Seismic
 Basic Terminologies in Seismic

Zero Phase

90o Phase
Normal
SEG

► Normal SEG Polarity (American): ► Reversed SEG Polarity

(European/Australian):
 An increase in impedance yields
positive amplitude (blue)  An increase in impedance yields
negative amplitude (red)
 A decrease in impedance yields
negative amplitude (red)  A decrease in impedance yields
positive amplitude (blue)
Wavelet -- outcrop

www.geology.utoronto.ca
 Reflection Terminations Terminology

Vail & others (1976)

Unconformity & Non-deposition hiatus
Scales of Stratigraphy
 Exercise Stratigraphy

-Use arrow symbols to indicate the lap-out terminations

-Define the upper and lower boundaries / horizons
-How many seismic packages you found?
-What system tracts you identified?
Solution Exercise Stratigraphy

4-HST

1-HST
3-TST
2-LST
 Check!!!
Are your maps
consistent
with
the regional
geology???

IBA Data AAPG 2008

DHI Investigation
Brown (2003). Courtesy of Amoco Production Company

Brown (2003). Courtesy of Amoco Egypt Oil Company

A B

A B

Brown (2003). Courtesy of OMV Aktiongasallschalt

Brown (2003). Courtesy of Norsk Hydro a.s.

 Different color different view

Brown (2003).
Courtesy of Mobil Producing
Nigeria Ltd.
Brown (2003). Courtesy of Geophysical Service Inc.
Brown (2003).
Courtesy of Apache Corporation
Integration of Surface and Subsurface Data
Bassant at al., 2004
 How about subsurface?
Strike-slip fault ?

Salt stock ???

Salt diapir
Seismic Data Analysis, OZ Yilmaz 2001
Masafero et al., 2003
 There is no “wrong” or “right” but “unreasonable” or “reasonable”
Henry Posamentier

If you see anomaly in geophysics,

but you can’t explain it in geology…
it is not anomaly…
Andang Bachtiar

There is no cookbook approach – creavity is the key

Henry Posamentier
 A CASE STUDY FROM SYNRIFT DEPOSIT
IN FLUVIAL DELTAIC SYSTEM

UPSTREAM CONTROL
Climate
Dischare
Geological
Load

Alluvial Plain
Delta
Shelf

MIDSTREAM CONTROL
Tectonic Tilting, Faulting,
Drainage Basin

DOWNSTREAM CONTROL
Eustacy
Basin level
Subsidence Rate
CHANNEL ELEMENTS

Miall, 1992
DELTAIC SEISMIC CHARACTER
Generally, Deltaic is characterized by :
1. Continuous Pararel Reflector (Sometimes Coal Indication)
2. Less Compaction Induced Deformation
3. Strong Onlap and Deformation

ATTENTION PLEASE

Clinoform is NOT ALWAYS KEYS to interpret as DELTAIC DEPOSIT

REFLECTION CONFIGURATION AND STRATAL TERMINATION IN FLUVIAL DELTAIC

Prosser, 1993
Could You Tell Me Where is Fluvial Environment (Braided Stream, Fan Delta)?
Could You Tell Me Where is Deltaic Environment ?
Marine Influence

Meandering
DELTAIC

TRANSITION

FLUVIAL
Do you See lateral accretion within a peak?
 Horizon Slicing

Fachmi et al, 2005

DISTRIBUTARY AND TIDAL CHANNEL MORPHOLOGY
 RESERVOIR GEOMETRY

SAND ACCUMULATION
A CASE STUDY FROM DEEP WATER ENVIRONMENT
Advance Seismic Processing to
Delineate Reservoir Distribution
 RMS Amplitude

Brown (2003). Courtesy of PGS Geophysical

 Time slice at 1525 ms

Time slice at 1525 ms

Brown (2003)
Courtesy of Amoco Corporation

Coherence time slice at 1525 ms

 Veeken (2006)

Veeken (2006). Modified after Yilmaz 1987

Challenge for you guys :

Resistivity logs?

Palermo et al., 2010

 Book References
AAPG Memoir 42: Interpretation of Three-
Dimensional Seismic Data
AAPG Memoir 80: Integration of outcrop and modern
analogs in reservoir modelling
AAPG Bulletin April 2010
Seismic Data Analysis, OZ Yilmaz, 2001
AAPG Memoir 81 Seismic Imaging of Carbonate
reservoirs and systems
Seismic Stratigraphy, Basin Analysis and Reservoir
Characterisation, Veeken 2006