Engineering Mechanics :

STATICS
BDA10203
Lecture #03

Group of Lecturers
Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
2
 CHAPTER 2
FORCE IN PLANE 2D
Today’s Objective:
Students will be able to :
a)Add 2-D vectors using Parallelogram or
Triangle method
b)Add 2-D vectors using Scalar Notation or
Cartesian vector notations.
c) Resolve a 2-D vector into components

3
 SCALARS AND VECTORS

SCALAR
A quantity characterized by a positive or negative
number
– Indicated by letters in italic such as A
Eg: Mass, volume and length
VECTOR
– A quantity that has both magnitude and
direction
Eg: Position, force and moment
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 SCALARS AND VECTORS

Scalars Vectors
Examples: mass, volume force, velocity
Characteristics: It has a magnitude It has a magnitude
(positive or negative) and direction

Addition rule: Simple arithmetic Parallelogram law

Special Notation: None Bold font, a line or
an arrow

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 VECTOR ADDITION

- Addition of two vectors A and B gives a

resultant vector R by the parallelogram law
- Result R can be found by triangle
construction

Eg: R = A + B = B + A
 VECTOR ADDITION
Example

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VECTOR ADDITION USING EITHER THE
PARALLELOGRAM LAW OR TRIANGLE

Parallelogram Law:
Always “Tail to tail”
and parallel
Connecting tail to intersection

Triangle method:
(always ‘head to tail’)
Connecting head A to
tail B
or head of B to tail A

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 VECTOR ADDITION USING EITHER THE
PARALLELOGRAM LAW OR TRIANGLE

• Trigonometry
- Magnitude of the two components can be
determined by the law of sines
10
 EXAMPLE 2.1
The screw eye is subjected to two forces F1
and F2. Determine the
magnitude and direction
of the resultant force.
 Vector Addition of Forces
Solution
Parallelogram Law
Unknown: magnitude of
FR and angle θ
 Vector Addition of Forces

Solution
Trigonometry
Law of Cosines
FR  100 N 2  150 N 2  2100 N 150 N cos115
 10000  22500  30000 0.4226
 212.6 N
 213N
 Vector Addition of Forces

Solution
Trigonometry
Law of Sines
150 N 212.6 N

sin  sin 115
sin  
150 N
0.9063
212.6 N
sin   39.8
 Vector Addition of Forces
Solution
Trigonometry
Direction Φ of FR measured from the horizontal

  39.8  15
 


 54.8 

 VECTOR ADDITION
WHAT IF MORE THAN TWO FORCES?

There are four

concurrent cable forces
acting on the bracket.
How do you determine
the resultant force acting
on the bracket ?

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 RESOLUTION OF A VECTOR
“Resolution” of a vector is BREAKING UP A VECTOR INTO
COMPONENTS. It is kind of like using the parallelogram law in
reverse.

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RESOLUTION OF A VECTOR

Scalar Notation

Cartesian vector Notation

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 SCALAR NOTATION
Sense of direction Sense of direction
along positive x and along positive x and
Positive y axes negative y axes
FR '  F 'Rx  F ' Ry
FR  FRx  FRy F’R = F’Rx + (- F’Ry)

The x and y axes are always perpendicular to each

other. Together,they can be directed at any inclination.
 CARTESIAN VECTOR NOTATION

•Cartesian unit vectors i and j are

used to designate the x and y
directions

• Each component of the vector is

shown as a magnitude and a
direction.

F = Fx i + Fy j

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F = Fx i + Fy j or F' = F'x i + F'y j
F’ = F’xi + F’y(-j)
F’ = F’xi – F’yj

The x and y axes are always perpendicular to each

other. Together,they can be directed at any inclination.
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ADDITION OF SEVERAL VECTORS

• Step 1 is to resolve each force

into its components

• Step 2 is to add all the x components together

and add all the y components together. These
two totals become the resultant vector.
• Step 3 is to find the magnitude and
angle of the resultant vector 22
QUADRANT
Y

+ +

_ _

23
 Scalar notation

FRx= F1x –F2x+F3x

FRy=F1y +F2y –F3y

Vector Notation

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You can also represent a 2-D vector with a magnitude and
angle.

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 EXAMPLE 2.1
The screw eye is subjected to two forces F1
and F2. Determine the
magnitude and direction
of the resultant force.
Solution Scalar notation
Cos=Adjacent/Hypotenus Sin=Opposite/Hypotenus

Sin 15° = F1y /100

Kos 15° =F1x / 100
F1x = 100 kos 15° F1y = 100 sin 15°

F1=100
FRx = 100 kos 15° + 150 sin 10° F1y
15º
F1x
= 122.64 N

FRy = 100 sin15° + 150 cos 10°

= 173.60 N

FR = ((122.64)2 + (173.60)2)1/2 = 213 N

 = tan-1(173.6/122.64) = 54.8°
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Solution Scalar notation
Cos=Adjacent/Hypotenus Sin=Opposite/Hypotenus

Sin 15° = F1y /100

Kos 15° =F1x / 100
F1x = 100 kos 15° F1y = 100 sin 15°

F1=100
FRx = 100 kos 15° + 150 kos 80° F1y
15º
F1x
= 122.64 N

FRy = 100 sin15° + 150sin 80°

= 173.60 N

FR = ((122.64)2 + (173.60)2)1/2 = 213 N

 = tan-1(173.6/122.64) = 54.8°
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 Solution Vector notation

F1 = {100 kos 15° i + 100 sin 15° j } kN

= { 96.59 i + 25.88 j } kN
F2 = {150 sin 10° i + 150 kos 10° j } kN
= { 26.047 i + 147.72 j } kN

FR = Fx i + Fy j = 122.6 i + 173.6 j

FR = ((96.59+26.047)2 + (25.88 +147.72)2)1/2 = 213 N

 = tan-1(173.6 / 122.6) = 54.8°

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 Example 2.2
The link is subjected to two forces F1 and
F2. Determine the magnitude and
orientation of the resultant force.
 Solution
Scalar Notation

Cos 30° = F1x / 600

F1x = 600 Cos 30°

FRx  F 1x  F 2 x
FRx  600 cos 30 N  400 sin 45
 236.8 N 
FR  236.8N 2  582.8N 2
 629 N
FRy  F 1 y  F 2 y
FRy  600 sin 30 N  400 cos 45
 582.8 N 
Solution
Cartesian Vector Notation

F1 = { 600cos30°i + 600sin30°j } N
F2 = { 400sin45°(-i) + 400cos45°j } N

Thus,
FR = F1 + F2
= (600cos30° - 400sin45°)i + (600sin30° + 400cos45°)j
= {236.8i + 582.8j}N
FR  236.8N 2  582.8N 2
 629 N
Solution
Resultant Force
FR  236.8N 2  582.8N 2
 629 N
From vector addition,
Direction angle θ is
 582.8 N 
  tan 1

 236.8 N 
 67.9
 EXAMPLE
Given: Three concurrent forces
acting on a bracket.
Find: The magnitude and
angle of the resultant
force.

Plan:
a) Resolve the forces in their x-y components.
b) Add the respective components to get the resultant vector.
c) Find magnitude and angle from the resultant components.

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 EXAMPLE (continued)

F1 = { 15 sin 40° i + 15 cos 40° j } kN

= { 9.642 i + 11.49 j } kN
F2 = { -(12/13)26 i + (5/13)26 j } kN
= { -24 i + 10 j } kN
F3 = { 36 cos 30° i – 36 sin 30° j } kN
= { 31.18 i – 18 j } kN

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 EXAMPLE (continued)

Summing up all the i and j components respectively, we get,

FR = { (9.642 – 24 + 31.18) i + (11.49 + 10 – 18) j } kN
= { 16.82 i + 3.49 j } kN

y
FR
FR = ((16.82)2 + (3.49)2)1/2 = 17.2 kN
 = tan-1(3.49/16.82) = 11.7°

x

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 IN CLASS TUTORIAL (GROUP PROBLEM
SOLVING)
Given: Three concurrent
forces acting on a
bracket
Find: The magnitude and
angle of the
resultant force.
Plan:
a) Resolve the forces in their x-y components.
b) Add the respective components to get the resultant vector.
c) Find magnitude and angle from the resultant components.

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 GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING (continued)

F1 = { (4/5) 850 i - (3/5) 850 j } N

= { 680 i - 510 j } N
F2 = { -625 sin(30°) i - 625 cos(30°) j } N
= { -312.5 i - 541.3 j } N
F3 = { -750 sin(45°) i + 750 cos(45°) j } N
{ -530.3 i + 530.3 j } N

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 GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING (continued)

Summing up all the i and j components respectively, we get,

FR = { (680 – 312.5 – 530.3) i + (-510 – 541.3 + 530.3) j }N
= { - 162.8 i - 521 j } N
y
FR = ((162.8)2 + (521)2) ½ = 546 N

x
= tan–1(521/162.8) = 72.64° or
From Positive x axis  = 180 + 72.64 = 253 ° FR

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 ATTENTION QUIZ
1. Resolve F along x and y axes and write it in
vector form. F = { ___________ } N
y
A) 80 cos (30°) i - 80 sin (30°) j x
B) 80 sin (30°) i + 80 cos (30°) j
C) 80 sin (30°) i - 80 cos (30°) j 30°
F = 80 N
D) 80 cos (30°) i + 80 sin (30°) j
2. Determine the magnitude of the resultant (F1 + F2)
force in N when F1 = { 10 i + 20 j } N and
F2 = { 20 i + 20 j } N .
A) 30 N B) 40 N C) 50 N
D) 60 N E) 70 N
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 HOMEWORK TUTORIAL

Q1(2-32) :
Determine the magnitude of the resultant force and its direction,
measured clockwise from the positive x axis.
Given:
F1 = 70N
F2 = 50N
F3 = 65N
θ = 30°
φ = 45°

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 HOMEWORK TUTORIAL (continued)
Q2 (2-33):
Determine the magnitude of the resultant force and its direction
measured counterclockwise from the positive x axis.
Given:
F1 = 50N
F2 = 35N
α = 120°
β = 25°

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 HOMEWORK TUTORIAL (continued)
Q3 (2-35) :
Three forces act on the bracket. Determine the magnitude and direction
θ of F1 so that the resultant force is directed along the positive x' axis
and has a magnitude of FR.
Units Used:
kN = 1000N
Given:
FR = 1kN
F2 = 450N
F3 = 200N
α = 45°
β = 30°

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 HOMEWORK TUTORIAL (continued)

Q4 (2.26) :
Member BD exerts on member ABC a force P directed along line BD.
Knowing that P must have a 960-N vertical component, determine
(a)The magnitude of the force P,
(b) its horizontal component.

44
 HOMEWORK TUTORIAL (continued)
Q5 (2.35):
Knowing that α = 35°, determine the resultant and the direction of
the three forces shown.

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