23 August 2016

Renewable energy resources

Dr. Irfan Ullah

Assistant Professor
Electrical Engineering Department
University of Management and technology

Renewable Electrical Energy Resources EE407

Contents

1. Introduction
a) Greenhouse effect
b) Energy generation and consumption
2. Solar energy
a) Photovoltaic
b) Solar thermal
c) Concentrated photovoltaic (CPV)
d) Daylighting
3. Wind energy
5. Bioenergy
6. Hydro energy
7. Wave tidal energy
Greenhouse Effect

CO2, CH4, NOx, CFC, etc…

72%~77%% of total greenhouse gases is CO2

Infrared (IR)
radiation is Sunlight (UV,
given off by the Visible) passes
Earth to outer through the
space and cools atmosphere and
the Earth warms the Earth

Greenhouse effect balances sunlight in and out and makes the earth surface suitable for life
When More CO2 Emitted to Atmosphere
Climate changes

CO2, CH4, NO2, CFC-12, etc…

Some IR is Infrared (IR) 50 ppm CO2 was
radiation is given off increased in the
trapped by
by the Earth to outer
increased space and cools the recent 35 years
Greenhouse Earth
gases
Sunlight (UV,
Visible) passes
through the
atmosphere and
warms the Earth

What Are the Impacts of Climate Changes?

What Are the Main Techniques?

Increasing Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere traps IR and reduces the cooling effect on earth
Energy Generation

Annual energy outlook 2011 (EIA, U.S.) Top 10 emitting countries, IEA 2011
Energy Generation cont’d…

Energy demand in Pakistan

World renewable electricity generation 2005-2035

Total primary energy supplies in Pakistan, 2014. (billion kilowatthours)
Energy consumption: 450 KWh per capita U.S. Energy information administration (EIA) 2012
Photovoltaic

Applications
• Power for residential and commercial
rooftop , as well as power plants (grid
connected), and rural electrification
(non-grid connected)
Technologies
Solar Star, 579 MW, CA, USA
• Si and polysilicon solar cell Quaid e Azam Solar Power, 100
MW, Pakistan
• Thin-film on glass or flexible substrate
Cost & Complexity
• High in upfront capital
• Lowest running cost
• Easy to install
Environmental Impact Solarpark Meuro, 166 MW, Germany

• 20X lower CO2 emission than

If PV modules of 20% average efficiency were installed on 0.05% of the earth surface,
conventional coal electricity ~ 0.65% earth’s total desert area, it would meet current world energy demand
Solar thermal

Applications
• Water and space heating
• Electricity
Technology
• Heating: using solar collectors Solar Techno Park, 40-60 kW
Micro-scaled Concentrated Solar Tokyo, Japan
• Electricity: heating medium and mirrors Power Plant, USA
to concentrate lights
Cost & Complexity
• Heating: cost effective and fast return
• Electricity: high upfront capital cost but
relatively low running cost
Environmental Impact
• 50X less CO2 emission than fossil energy
• Large land demand for power plant 29 MW thermal, California IBM-led Group, 25 KW
Hawaii, USA
 Concentrated Photovoltaic (CPV)
• Heating and electricity
• High efficiency
• High capital cost but relatively
low running cost
• Precise optics
• Multi-junction solar cell

Parabolic reflector

CPV installation in different countries Parabolic trough CPV concept

Concentrated Photovoltaic (CPV) cont’d..

Fresnel-based CPV system

Losses occurring in the CPV system

Solar cell efficiency

M. A. Green et al., Solar cell efficiency tables (version 48), Progress in Photovoltaics: Research And Applications 24 (2016) 905–913.
Daylighting

Applications
• Lighting in buildings
Cost
• High capital cost
Energy-saving in buildings Sunlight direct
• 80% electric lighting energy consumption

Tabular guidance system Hybrid CPV and daylighting Fresnel lens

Wind Energy

Applications
• Power plant
Technology Maturity
• One of the earliest alternative energies
• Horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines
Gansu Wind Farm Project, 6800
Cost & Complexity MW, China
• The most cost effective and competitive with
fossil energy
Environmental Impact
• Lowest CO2 emission with minimal pollution
• Minimal water and energy consumption
• Noise EcoGreenCampus, Samyang,
• Electromagnetic interference South Korea Fowler Ridge Wind Farm, 600
MW, USA
• Birds fatal collisions
Biomass Energy

Applications
• Heating, fuels (e.g. ethanol) and electricity
Biomass Sources
• Energy crops (e.g. corn, sugar cane)
• Wastes (energy from wastes)
Technologies Biomass plant Biomass sources in the primary bioenergy
• Combustion mix. Source, IPCC, 2007

• Anaerobic digestion
• Gasification
Cost & Complexity
• Upfront equipment capital is high
Environmental Impact
• CO2 emission: 93 g CO2/kWh (combustion),
25 g CO2/kWh (gasification) Bioenergy in the world primary energy mix. Source, IEA, 2006
Discussion

Thanks
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