EGEE 102 – Energy Conservation

And Environmental Protection

Non-Renewable Fuels
Environmental Impact
 US Energy Consumption by
Source (1999)
Renewables , 8%
Natural
Gas 1
23%
Nuclear
49
8% Wind
Hydroelectric
Biomass
Geothermal
Solar
44

Petroleum
5
1
38%
Coal
23%
EGEE 102-Pisupati Renewables 7.2 QUADS
2
All Energy Sources 96.7 QUADS
 Non Renewable Fuels

• Coal
• Petroleum
• Natural Gas
• Nuclear Fission

EGEE 102-Pisupati 3
EGEE 102-Pisupati 4
 World Coal Consumption

• World coal consumption is projected

to increase from 5.3 billion tons in
1997 to 7.6 billion tons in 2020.
• US annual coal consumption is
approximately 1 billion tons

EGEE 102-Pisupati 5
Coal Reserves (M metric
tons)
Africa, 67.7 North
Far East America,
and 286.6
Oceania,
US – 275.5
322.2
World -1088.6

W. Europe,
C & S.
E. Europe 99.6
America,
Middle & FSU,
23.7
East, 0.2 288.3

Source: EGEE 102-Pisupati

http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/iea/table82.html 6
 Coal Analyses

• Proximate Analysis
• Ultimate Analysis
• Calorific Value

EGEE 102-Pisupati 7
 Proximate Analysis

• Moisture
• Volatile Matter
• Ash
• Fixed Carbon (obtained by
difference)

EGEE 102-Pisupati 8
Ultimate Analysis
(elemental composition)
Carbon 60 - 96%

Hydrogen 2 - 6%

Nitrogen 1-2%

Sulfur 0.5 - 5%

Oxygen 1 - 30%
EGEE 102-Pisupati 9
 Calorific Value (Heating
Value)
• Heating or Calorific Value is the
amount of heat released when a unit
mass of fuel is burned (Btu/lb. or
cal/g)
• Calorific value has implications for
pollution measurements such as
SO2 whose emissions are calculated
on a lb per million Btu basis
EGEE 102-Pisupati 10
 Coal Ranks

• There are 4 general ranks for coals:

• Lignite low rank
• Subbituminous
• Bituminous
• Anthracite High rank

EGEE 102-Pisupati 11
Coal’s Future
Lifetime (of a resource) = Reserves
Annual Use
Reserves to Production Ratio (R/P Ratio)
World 1173 G Tons / 4.33 G Tons/y
= 271 Years
USA 277 G Tons/0.99 G Tons/y
= 280 Years
Note: Reserves are likely to increase as well as decrease,
usage is also expected to change
EGEE 102-Pisupati 12
EGEE 102-Pisupati 13
EGEE 102-Pisupati 14
 Petroleum

• Naturally occurring liquid

containing a complex mixture of
hydrocarbons (molecules made of
C and H atoms)

• Also contains few compounds

containing N, S, and O atoms
EGEE 102-Pisupati 15
 Petroleum Composition
Element Range (wt%)
Carbon 85-90%
Hydrogen 9-15%
Nitrogen 0-0.1%
Sulfur ppm- 4%
Oxygen ppm
EGEE 102-Pisupati 16
Crude Oil Reserves (B bbls)
US – 21.8
World – 1,016

North S. and
America, 55.1 Central
America, 89.5 W. Europe,
18.8
Far East and
Oceania, 44

Middle East, Africa, 74.9

675.6

E Europe &
FSU, 58.9
EGEE 102-Pisupati 17
Production and Consumption (mn
bbls/day)
BP Amoco Statistical Review of World Energy 2000
(http://www.bp.com)

• World
• Production – 73

• United States
• Production – 9.2
• Consumption – 18.9

EGEE 102-Pisupati 18
EGEE 102-Pisupati 19
 One Barrel of Oil (42 US
gallons) produces …

• Gasoline (19.5 Gallons)

• Distillate Fuel Oil (9.2)
• Kerosene (4.1)
• Residual Fuel Oil (2.3)
• Lubricating Oil, Asphalt, Wax (2)
• Petrochemicals for plastics and polymers
(2)
• Total Yield: 44.4 gallons
EGEE 102-Pisupati 20
 How long can we
depend on Petroleum?
• World =
1016,000 million barrels/73 million
bbls/day = 13,967 days= 38.1 years
US
= 21,800 million bbls/18.9 million bbls/day
= 1,153 days or 3.16 years
if we keep importing at the current rate
= 21,800 million bbls/9.3 million bbls/day
= 2,344 days or 6.4 years

EGEE 102-Pisupati 21
EGEE 102-Pisupati 22
 Natural Gas
WHAT IS IT?
• Principally methane, CH4, with some
ethane (C2H6) and propane (C3H8),
and impurities such as CO2, H2S, and
N2.

CALORIFIC VALUE
• Approximately 1,000 Btu/cu.ft
(22,500 Btu/lb)
EGEE 102-Pisupati 23
 Natural Gas Types

• WET- contains HCS other than

Methane and ethane
• SOUR- contains H 2S,which is highly
undesirable due to corrosion, and
SO2 formation upon combustion.

EGEE 102-Pisupati 24
Reserves (Trillion Cu. Ft)

Far East and North

Oceania, 375.4 America, 261.3
W. Europe,
Africa, 409.7 159.5

Middle East, E. Europe and

1836.2 FSU, 1947.6

US - 167 T Cu. ft
World - 5210 T cu. ft

C. & S.
EGEE America, 227.9
102-Pisupati 25
How long can we
depend on Natural Gas?
• US = 166 T. Cu. Ft / 21.7 T. Cu. Ft per year
(1999) = 7.6 years
• World = 5240 T cu. Ft/84.2 T. Cu.ft per year
=62 years

EGEE 102-Pisupati 26
 Utilization-Combustion
Premium Fuel
• Highest calorific value of any fossil
fuel (1,000 Btu/cu. ft. or 24,000 Btu/lb)
• No ash in the fuel - no mess
• Easy transportation and no storage
space required
• Better combustion efficiency
• Less CO2 emissions compared to oil
and coal for the same heat release
EGEE 102-Pisupati 27
 Comparison of Fossil
Fuels
Composition Heating Value
Coal CH 0.8 13,000 Btu/lb
Oil CH2 20,000 Btu/lb
Natural Gas CH4 22,000 Btu/lb
All also contain oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen etc.
1 gal of Petroleum = 10 lb of Coal = 150 cu.ft
Gas
EGEE 102-Pisupati 28
 Cost of Energy/MMBtu
for oil
• Price of oil is usually given in $ /
barrel
• If the price is $22/barrel
• One Barrel of oil has 5,800,000 Btu
$22 1 Barrel
Cost per MMBtu  x
1 Barrel 5.8 MMBtu

EGEE 102-Pisupati 29
Cost of Energy per
MMBtu- Natural gas
• Usually price is given as $/1,000 Cu.
Ft
• Say $7.44/1000Cu. Ft (PA)
• Energy Content 1,000 Btu/Cu. Ft 6
$7.44 one Cu. ft 10 Btu
Cost per MMBtu  x x
1000 Cu.Ft 1,000 Btu MMBtu

EGEE 102-Pisupati 30
 Cost of Energy- $/Million
Btu
• Price is given in $/ton. Approximate
average price is $33.26/ton in PA
• Calorific value = 13,000 Btu/lb or
20.77 million BTUs/ton

EGEE 102-Pisupati 31
US Energy use and
Environmental
Consequences Emissions
CO2

Fossil Fuels CO

SO2
Combustion
NOx
Carbon
Hydrogen Particulate Matter
Nitrogen PM10
Sulfur PM2.5
Oxygen NH3
EGEE 102-Pisupati 32
 US Air Emissions, Mtons
(1999)
Gas Emissions

Carbon Dioxide 1,520

Carbon Monoxide 97.4
Lead 4.1
NOx 25.4
SO2 18.8
Particulate Matter
EGEE 102-Pisupati 23.7 33
EGEE 102-Pisupati 34
Greenhouse Gas
Emissions

EGEE 102-Pisupati 35
 Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
• Nitrogen oxides, like hydrocarbons, are
precursors to the formation of ground
level ozone and thereby to photochemical
smog
• Precursors to the formation of acid rain
• Long-term exposures to NO2 may lead to
increased susceptibility to respiratory
infection and may cause permanent
alterations in the lung.
EGEE 102-Pisupati 36
 Carbon Monoxide

• Product of incomplete combustion

• Reduces the flow of oxygen in the
bloodstream
• Particularly dangerous to persons
with heart disease.

EGEE 102-Pisupati 37
 Sulfur Dioxide
• High concentrations of SO2 can result in
temporary breathing impairment for
asthmatic children and adults
• in conjunction with high levels of PM,
include respiratory illness, alterations in
the lungs’ defenses, and aggravation of
existing cardiovascular disease.
• Together, SO2 and NOx are the major
precursors to acidic deposition (acid rain)
• major precursor to PM2.5, which is a
significant health concern
EGEE 102-Pisupati 38
 Particulate Matter

• Health effects
• Visibility impairment
• Atmospheric deposition
• Aesthetic damage

EGEE 102-Pisupati 39
 Additional Resources

• http://www.epa.gov/air/aqtrnd00/
• http://www.eia.doe.gov
• http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/acidr
ain/
• http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/
• http://www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/good
uphigh/
• http://www.epa.gov/air/concerns/#s
EGEE 102-Pisupati 40
mog