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Dryer Control
In order to control any process, we
need a good understanding of the
process itself
What is the drying process?
Dryer classifications and types
Process analysis Macro vs. Nano, Micro
Dryers – A common yet costly
unit operation
Dryers used in chemical processing,
food processing and pharma
Batch or continuous
Energy intensive
Frequently over dried at added costs,
dusting, product loss
Drying accounts for ~12% manuf. costs
A common household example …
Dry Material
Solid drying process is very complex
with micro and nano mechanisms
Liquid movement due to capillary forces
Diffusion due to concentration gradients
Liquid vapor flow due to pressure differences
Vapor diffusion due to vapor pressure differences,
concentration differences
Osmotic pressure created by colloidal bodies has
soluble and insoluble fractions
Vapor Effusion – A relationship of vapor flow to pore
diameter
Thermodiffusion
Vaporization-condensation mechanism
Macro Drying Process
This program will not study these nano
and micro relationships; we will develop
our controls based on the macro
mechanisms
What is the Drying Process …
Drying - water liquid vaporization; not as
efficient as centrifuge, 1050 BTU/lb of water
removed.
Final moisture varies “dried” table salt
contains 0.5 % water, dried coal 4%.
Solids can have many different forms, flakes,
granules, crystals, powders, etc. The liquid
can be on the surface, within the surface in
cellular structures, such as wood. Consider
the method of handling, dusting, rough or
gentle treatment.
Equilibrium Moisture
The solid’s moisture content is a
function of the humidity of the drying air.
The moisture cannot be lower than the
equilibrium moisture content
corresponding the humidity of the
incoming air.
50% RH air equilibrium moisture
Wool 12.5 % Newspaper 5.5%
How is the moisture reported?
wet / dry
The Drying Process can be described in several
ways…
Classifications
Adiabatic Dryers are the type where the solids are dried
by direct contact with gases, usually forced air. With
these dryers, moisture is on the surface of the solid.
60 0.0 4
55
0.0 35
Tw Wet Bulb Temperature Lines 50
0.0 3
45
Akton Associates
Post Office Box 2076
Edmond, Oklahoma 73034
405.513.8537
http://www.aktonassoc.com/
Properties shown on psychometric chart…
7071.3
p 2.04466 * 10 * exp
6
t 385.0
G
C(
Ti
To)F
wHv
To
G dFw
Hv
Water heat of
vaporization
dA T
a R
Evaporation Model; Air temperature decreases as the moisture is removed from the solid
lbs 1
R a
hr ft 2 F
Control of the drying process
Drying is considered a self regulating
process
A change is heat input will, after time,
result in a change in product moisture,
assuming all other conditions are
constant
Drying Rate Control
To control the drying rate, you control
the temperature differences.
G
C(
Ti
To)F
wHv