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Hydrocarbons
Learning Outcomes
• Recall that carbon forms branched and unbranched
chains and ring compounds
• Illustrate that carbon atoms can form single and double
bonds
• Write formulae to represent simple organic compounds
• List the general characteristics of a homologous series
• Deduce the homologous series given the fully displayed
formulae of compounds
• Define structural isomerism
Chapter 15
Hydrocarbons
Learning Outcomes
• Write general and molecular formulae for the
members of the alkane homologous series
• Write fully displayed structures and names of
branched and unbranched alkanes and their
isomers, given their molecular formulae
• Describe the reactions of alkanes
• Relate the characteristic reactions of alkanes to
their structures
• Relate the properties of alkanes to their uses
Chapter 15
Hydrocarbons
Learning Outcomes
• Write general and molecular formulae for the
members of the alkene homologous series
• Write fully displayed structures and names of
branched and unbranched alkenes and their
isomers, given their molecular formulae
• Describe the reactions of alkenes
• Relate the characteristic reactions of alkenes to
their structures
• Relate the properties of alkenes to their uses
Chapter 15
Hydrocarbons
Introduction to
Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons belong to a group of compounds called the
organic compounds.
• This ability of carbon to form big molecules has enabled
nature to form living matter, from simple cells to complex
tissues.
• Gasoline or petrol is a mixture of hydrocarbons and is used
primarily as fuel in internal combustion engines of cars.
Chapter 15
Hydrocarbons
Bonding ability of carbon
• Carbon atoms are able to form a few types of covalent bonds
with other carbon atoms or atoms of other elements:
• Single bonds: C-C, C-H, C-O, C-X (X = halogens)
• Double bonds: C=C, C=O
• Triple bonds: C≡ C, C≡N
• Organic compounds can be classified as unbranched,
branched or ring compounds.
• There are five types of formulae which can be used to describe
and identify organic compounds:
1. Molecular formula
2. Empirical formula
3. Full structural or displayed formula
4. Condensed structural formula
5. General formula
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Hydrocarbons
Straight (unbranched)
Chain Compounds
• Straight-chain molecules that are unbranched may contain single,
double or triple bonds. E.g.:
Triple bonds
Chapter 15
Hydrocarbons
Branched- Chain
Compounds
• Branched chain compounds consist of one or more carbons
of a straight chain compound forming bonds with more than
two carbons.
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Hydrocarbons
Homologous Series
• A homologous series is a group or family of organic
compounds that has the following characteristics:
Ethane C2H6
Propane C3H8
Butane C4H10
Pentane C5H12
Chapter 15
Hydrocarbons
Chemical Properties of
Alkanes
• The alkanes are generally unreactive due to their saturated
carbon-carbon bonds. However, they can undergo two
types of chemical reactions.
Combustion of Alkanes
• Alkanes undergo combustion in air or oxygen to form
carbon dioxide and water vapour. The following two
equations illustrate this.
Negative
• Unfortunately, CFCs are largely responsible for destroying the ozone layer.
• The carbon-chlorine bonds break to generate chlorine free radicals, which
destroy the ozone layer.
• CFCs are now being replaced by more environmentally friendly
compounds.
Chapter 15
Hydrocarbons
Quick Check 1
1. Consider the two isomers of pentane (an alkane after butane in the
homologous series) shown below. Are the following molecules also
isomers of pentane? Explain why.
Solution
Chapter 15
Hydrocarbons
2. (a) C8H18
(b) C20H42
Return
Chapter 15
Hydrocarbons
Alkene Homologous Series
• The alkenes are another family of hydrocarbons, ie.
they contain hydrogen and carbon only. All alkenes
share the following characteristics:
• They have the general formula CnH2n, where n is an
integer.
• Their names end with ‘ene’.
• There is a carbon-carbon double bond present in
the molecule.
• They are said to be unsaturated as other atoms can
be added to the molecule when the carbon-carbon
double bond opens up.
Chapter 15
Hydrocarbons
Alkene Homologous Series
Chemical Molecular Relative molecular Boiling point /
name formula mass °C
Ethene C2H4 28 –104
Propene C3H6 42 –48
Butene C4H8 56 –6
Propene C3H6
But-1-ene C4H8
(1-butene)
Pent-1-ene C5H10
(1-pentene)
Chapter 15
Hydrocarbons
Isomers of Alkenes
• For propene, if we place the C=C double bond on the third
carbon atom, we will get a structure which is exactly the same
as the original when it is rotated through 180°. Hence, there is
no isomer for propene.
• This type of reaction in which the chlorine atoms are added across the
C=C double bond is called an addition reaction.
1,2-dichloroethane
Chapter 15
Hydrocarbons
Chemical Properties
of Alkenes
Test for unsaturation
• Alkenes react with aqueous bromine (bromine water) and cause the
bromine solution to turn from brown to colourless.
• This reaction can be used as a test for unsaturation of any organic
compound.
Solution
Chapter 15
Hydrocarbons
Return
Chapter 15
Hydrocarbons
Polyunsaturated Food
• Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain carbon-carbon double bonds.
• Polyunsaturated oils are oils that contain two or more C=C bonds in the
molecules.
• Due to the geometry of these C=C double bonds, the molecules are
harder to pack closely together and thus are liquids at room
temperature.