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Fluid Mechanics 1
ME 321
Dr. M. Ehtisham Siddiqui Week # 12
Assistant Professor FME
HITEC University
Example 5.12 Water flows through a horizontal, 180° pipe bend. The
flow cross-sectional area is constant at a value of 0.1 ft2 through the bend.
The flow velocity everywhere in the bend is axial and 50 ft/s/ The
absolute pressures at the entrance and exit of the bend are 30 psia and 24
psia, respectively. Calculate the horizontal (x and y) components of the
anchoring force required to hold the bend in place.
Example 5.13 Air flows steadily between two cross sections in a
long, straight portion of 4-in. inside diameter pipe as indicated in
Figure, where the uniformly distributed temperature and pressure at
each cross section are given. If the average air velocity at section (2)
is 1000 ft/s, we found in Example 5.2 that the average air velocity at
section (1) must be 219 ft/s. Assuming uniform velocity
distributions at sections (1) and (2), determine the frictional force
exerted by the pipe wall on the air flow between sections (1) and
(2).
Answer:
u1 m1 u2 m2 Rx p1 A1 p2 A2
Rx A2 p1 p2 m u2 u1 793 lb
Example 5.15 A static thrust stand as sketched in Figure is to be
designed for testing a jet engine. The following conditions are
known for a typical test: Intake air velocity = 200 m/s; exhaust gas
velocity = 500 m/s; intake cross-sectional area = 1 m2; intake static
pressure = -22.5 kPa = 78.5 kPa (abs); intake static temperature
= 268 K; exhaust static pressure = 0 kPa = 101 kPa (abs).
Estimate the nominal thrust for which to design.
Linear Momentum Equation for a Moving CV
Answer:
Rx 21.8 lb; Rz 53 lb;
R Rx2 Rz2 =57.3 lb;
Rz
tan -1 67.6o
Rx
Energy Equation
Energy equation involves stored energy, heat transfer, and work
p V2
t cv
e dV cs
u
2
gz V nˆ dA Qnet Wshaft
in net in
p V2 p V2
m u gz u gz Qnet Wshaft
2 out 2 in in net in
or in terms of enthalpy
V2 V2
m h gz h gz Qnet Wshaft
2 out 2 in in net in
2
Vout Vin2
m hout hin g zout zin Qnet
2 in
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2 g z1 z2
Q z2b
1 z2 z1
2 In the limit of z1»z2 Q z2b 2gz1
Q C1Hb 2 gH C1b 2g H 32
Locus provided by a
series of piezometric
taps is termed the
hydraulic grade line
Representation of the
energy line and the
hydraulic grade line
Energy Line and Hydraulic Grade Line
The distance from pipe to hydraulic grade line indicates the pressure
within the pipe
For flow below the hydraulic grade line, the pressure is positive
For flow above the hydraulic grade line, the pressure is negative
Remember: HGL measures sum of pressure head & elevation head
Use of the energy line and hydraulic grade line See Example 3.14
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