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Topics Covered
• Bubble column fundamentals
• The general rate expression
• Design Equation
• Axial dispersion model
• Designing factors
• Mixing and RTD
• Practical Examples, Advantages
and Disadvantages
Heterogenous Fluid-fluid reactions
• efficient contact between the phases, the gas and the liquid,
and eventually the third phase,, the solid catalyst
• high liquid hold up, recommended for reactions taking place in
the liquid phase (as the case of bubble columns)
• reasonable inter-phase mass transfer rates at low energy
input
• limitation of pressure drop
• easy temperature control
• little maintenance due to the simple construction
• lack of moving parts
• high adaptability for a specific process
• no serious erosion and plugging problems due to the catalyst
• low costs of construction and operation
Disadvantages of bubble column reactor:
G ~ U Gn
• In the homogeneous flow regime, n is close to unity.
When large bubbles are present, the exponent
decreases, i.e., the gas holdup increases less than
proportionally to the gas flow rate.
Gas Holdup
• Basset force
-Due to the development of a boundary layer around a
bubble.
Where
The Rate Equation for Straight
Mass Transfer (Absorption)
• No chemical reaction takes place
• Also known as Physical Absorption
• Here we have two resistances in series, of the gas
film and of the liquid film.
..(i)
Where moles A/mole inert in the gas
Conti…
..(ii)
Conti…
• In our case reaction is very fast and occurs wholly within the
liquid film surrounding the bubbles and concentration in the bulk
of the liquid of the species A is zero, and the mixing pattern in
the liquid has therefore no influence on the rate of transfer.
Axial Dispersion in Bubble Column
Reactor: Model Development
• Assumptions:
where
Conti…
• The rate of transfer per unit volume of
dispersion is thus:
• (c) Flow rates. more flexible in that they work well in a wider
range of Fl/Fg values.
• Eulerian-Lagrangian approach
-To simulate trajectories of individual
bubbles (bubble-scale phenomena)
• Eulerian-Eulerian approach
-To simulate the behavior of gas-liquid
dispersions with high gas volume fractions
(e.g. to simulate millions of bubbles over a
long period of time)
High Aspect-Ratio Bubble Columns
• Bubble column with a low aspect ratio or a single- impeller
agitated tank behaves essentially as a well-mixed reactor
Reaction
Fluid Dynamics
Enhancement
Phase distribution
transfer
resistance Limitation
Mass transfer
Gas hold-up Heat transfer
Interfacial area
Bubble driving force
recirculation mixing
Fluid
Turbulence
Bubble breakage properties
shear stress
And coalescence
terminal
velocity
residence time
References
• Coulson & Richardson's CHEMICAL ENGINEERING VOLUME 3 THIRD
EDITION “Chemical & Biochemical Reactors & Process Control” , J.
F. RICHARDSON ,Department of Chemical Engineering,University of
Wales Swansea and D. G. PEACOCK ,The School of Pharmacy,London