CERTIFICATE OF EXCELLENCE……

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……..
AIM OF PROJECT…………..
INTRODUCTION……………………
APPARATUS………………
PRECAUTIONS AND SOURCES OF
ERROR
BIBLIOGRAPHY………….
This is to certify that project on LOGIC
GATES is submitted by PRAKHAR SETH in
partial fulfillment of the FINAL
EXAMINATION requirement in PHYSICS for
the award of Senior School Certificate and is
to be certified to be an original and bona fide
work. He has shown keen interest to execute
this project and has also gained substantial
amount of knowledge in this project.

Place : ……………………

Date : ……………………
Signature
Mr. Manoj Dubey
In the accomplishment of this project successfully,
many people have bestowed upon me their blessings and
heart pledged support, this time I am utilizing to thank
to various people who held me a long way in completing
this project.
Primarily I would thank god for being able to complete
this project with success. Then I would like to thank my
principal Mr. Bhaskar Ganti and physics teacher
Mr. Manoj Dubey, whose valuable guidance has been
the ones that helped me patch this project and make it
full proof success. His suggestions and instructions
have been served as the major contributor toward the
completion of the project.
I also want to thank Mr. Suraj, our lab assistant who
was always there to help us in the lab for the practial
of this project. Then I would like to thank my parents
and friends who have helped me with their valuable
suggestions and their guidance has been helpful in
different phases of the completion of the project.
 To study the
properties and
functions of logic
gates and assemble
AND Gate.
A gate is defined as a digital circuit which follows
some logical relationship between the input and
output voltages. It is a digital circuit which either
allows a signal to pass through as stop, it is called a
gate.

The logic gates are building blocks at digital

electronics. They are used in digital electronics to
change on voltage level (input voltage) into another
(output voltage) according to some logical statement
relating them.

A logic gate may have one or more inputs, but it has

only one output. The relationship between the
possible values of input and output voltage is
expressed in the form of a table called truth table
or table of combinations.

Truth table of a Logic Gates is a table that shows all

the input and output possibilities for the logic gate.
 George Boole in 1980 invented a different kind of
algebra based on binary nature at the logic, this
algebra of logic called BOOLEAN ALGEBRA. A
logical statement can have only two values such, as
HIGH/LOW, ON/OFF, CLOSED/OPEN, YES/NO,
RIGHT/WRONG, TRUE/FALSE,
CONDUCTING/NON-CONDUCTING etc. The two
values of logic statements one denoted by the binary
number 1 and 0. the binary number 1 is used to
denote the high value. The logical statements that
logic gates follow are called Boolean expressions.

THE OR GATE is a device that

combines A with B to give Y as the
result or output.
The OR gate has two or more inputs
and one output.
In Boolean algebra, addition symbol (+)
is referred as the OR. The Boolean
expression:
A+B=Y, indicates Y equals A or B.
 INPUT OUTPUT
A B Y= A+B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

The AND GATE is a device that

combines A with B to give Y as the
result.
The AND GATE has two or more
inputs and one output.
In Boolean algebra, multiplication sign (either x or.)
is referred as the AND. The Boolean expression:
A∙B=Y, indicates Y equals A and B

INPUT OUTPUT
A B Y= A∙B

0 0 0

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 1
THE NOT GATE is a device that inverts
the inputs. The NOT is a one input and
one output.
In Boolean algebra, bar symbol (-) is referred as the NOT,
the Boolean expression : Ā=Y, indicates Y equals NOT A

INPUT OUTPUT
X Y
0 1
9 volt battery
Cardboard
Connecting Wires
Electrical Switches
A two way key
LED
 THE AND GATE is a basic digital logic
gate that implements logical conjunction it
behaves according to the truth table to
the right.
A HIGH output (1) results only if both
the inputs to the AND gate are HIGH
(1). If neither or only one input to the
AND gate is HIGH, a LOW output
results.
In another sense, the function of AND
effectively finds the minimum between
two binary digits, just as the OR
function finds the maximum.

Therefore, the output is always 0

except when all the inputs are 1s.
 All the connections while
making a logic gate should be neat
and tight.

Check the connections

carefully before switching on the
logic gate.
NCERT Physics Class XII

Pradeep Fundamental Class XII

Lab Manual Class XII