Chapter 4 Macromechanical Analysis of a Laminate

Laminate Analysis: Example

Dr. Autar Kaw

Department of Mechanical Engineering
University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620

Courtesy of the Textbook

Mechanics of Composite Materials by Kaw
Fiber Direction

FIGURE 4.1
Schematic of a lamina
 A [0/30/-45] Graphite/Epoxy
laminate is subjected to a load of
Nx = Ny = 1000 N/m. Use the
z = -7.5mm
unidirectional properties from 0o 5mm
Table 2.1 of Graphite/Epoxy. z = -2.5mm
Assume each lamina has a 30o 5mm
z = 2.5mm
thickness of 5 mm. Find -45o 5mm
a) the three stiffness matrices [A], [B] z = 7.5mm
z

and [D] for a three ply [0/30/-45]

Graphite/Epoxy laminate.
b) mid-plane strains and curvatures.
c) global and local stresses on top
surface of 300 ply.
d) percentage of load Nx taken by FIGURE 4.7
each ply. Thickness and coordinate locations
of the three-ply laminate.
A) The reduced stiffness matrix for the Oo Graphite/Epoxy ply is

 181.8 2.897 0
  9
0

[Q] = 2.897 10.35 0 (10 ) Pa

 
 0 0 7.17 
 Qbar Matrices for Laminas
 181.8 2.897 0
  9
[Q ]0 = 2.897 10.35 0 (10 ) Pa
 
 0 0 7.17 
109.4 32.46 54.19
 
[Q ]30 = 32.46 23.65 20.05 (109) Pa
54.19 20.05 36.74
 

 56.66 42.32 - 42.87

 
[Q]-45 =  42.32 56.66 - 42.87 (109) Pa
- 42.87 - 42.87 46.59
 
Coordinates of top & bottom of plies

The total thickness of the laminate is

h = (0.005)(3) = 0.015 m.

h0=-0.0075 m
h1=-0.0025 m
h2=0.0025 m
h3=0.0075 m
z = -7.5mm
0o 5mm
z = -2.5mm
30o 5mm
z = 2.5mm
-45o 5mm
z
z = 7.5mm

FIGURE 4.7
Thickness and coordinate locations
of the three-ply laminate.
 3

Aij =  [Qij]k ( h k - h k - 1)
k =1

Aij = 
k= 1
[Qij] k (hk - hk - 1)
 181.8 2.897 0
 
[A] = 2.897 10.35 0 (109) [(-0.0025) - (-0.0075)]
 0 7.17
 0

109.4 32.46 54.19

 
+ 32.46 23.65 20.05 (109) [0.0025 - (-0.0025)]
54.19 20.05 36.74
 
 56.66 42.32 - 42.87
 
+  42.32 56.66 - 42.87 (109) [0.0075 - 0.0025]
- 42.87 - 42.87 46.59
 
 1.739(10 9 ) 3.884(10 8 ) 5.663(10 7 ) 
 8 
[A] = 3.884(10 ) 4.533(10 )  1.141(10 ) Pa - m
8 8

5.663(10 7 )  1.141(10 8 ) 4.525(10 8 ) 

 
 1 3
Bij = 
2 k =1
[ ] ( 2
- 2
Qij k hk h k - 1)

181.2 2.897 0 
[B] = 2.897 10.35 0  (109) [(-0.0025 )2 - (-0.0075 )2 )]
1
2 
 0 0 7.17

109.4 32.46 54.19

1
2 

+ 32.46 23.65 20.05 (109) (0.0025 )2 - (-0.0025 )2 
54.19 20.05 36.74
 56.66 42.32  42.87
+  42.32 56.66  42.87 (109) [(0.0075 )2 - (0.0025 )2]
1
2 
 42.87  42.87 46.59 
  3.12910 6  9.85510 5   1.07210 6 
[B] =  9.85510  1.15810   1.07210  Pa  m 2
 5 6 6 

  1.07210 6   1.07210 6  9.85510 5  

 
 1 3
Dij = 
3 k =1
[ 3 3
Qij k hk h k - 1)
] ( -

181.8 2.897 0 
[D] =
1
3
2.897
 10.35 
0  (109) (0.0025) 3  (0.0075) 3 
 0 0 7.17
109.4 32.46 54.19 
+
1
3
32.46
 
23.65 20.05 (109) (0.0025) 3  (0.0025) 3 
 54.19 20.05 36.74

 56.66 42.32  42.87

+  42.32
1
3

56.66  42.87 (109) (0.0075) 3 - ( 0.0025) 3 
 42.87  42.87 46.59 
  3.34310 4  6.46110 3   5.24010 3 
[D] =  6.46110  9.32010   5.59610  Pa - m 3
 3 3 3 

 5.24010 3   5.59610 3  7.66310 3  

 
 Setting up the 6x6 matrix

 1.739(109 ) 3.884( 108 ) 5.663( 107 ) -3.129( 106 ) 9.855( 105 ) -1.072( 106 )  ε 0x 
1000    
   3.884(10 ) 4.533( 10 ) -1.141( 10 ) 9.855( 10 ) 1.158( 10 ) -1.072( 10 )
8 8 8 5 6 6  ε 0y 
1000     
 0  5.663(10 ) -1.141( 10 ) 4.525( 10 ) -1.072( 10 ) -1.072( 10 ) 9.855( 10 )
7 8 8 6 6 5  0
 =   γ xy 
 0 -3.129( 106 ) 9.855( 105 ) -1.072( 106 ) 3.343( 104 ) 6.461( 103 ) -5.240( 103 )  
     κ x
 0  5 6 6 3 3 3   
   9.855( 10 ) 1 .
158( 10 ) -1.072( 10 ) 6.461( 10 ) 9.320( 10 ) -5.596( 10 )  κ y
 0    
κ xy 
6 6 5 3 3 3
 -1.072( 10 ) -1.072( 10 ) 9.855( 10 ) -5.240( 10 ) -5.596( 10 ) 7.663( 10 )
 ε 0x   3.123(107)
   
 ε y   3.492( 6) m/m
0

   10

 0  7 
γ
 xy  =   7 .598 (10 )
 
 κ x  2 .971 (10
5
)
   
 κ y   3 . 285( 10
4 
) 1/m
   
κ xy   4.101(10 )
4
  ε x  3.123( 10- 7 )   2.971( 10-5 )
     
 ε y =  3.492( 10- 6 )  + (-0.0025 ) -3.285( 10- 4 )
     
γ  -7.598( 10- 7 )   4.101( 10- 4 )
 xy  300 , top    

z = -7.5mm  2.380( 10- 7 )

0o 5mm  
z = -2.5mm
=  4.313( 10 ) m/m
- 6
30o 5mm  
z = 2.5mm -1.785( 10- 6 )
-45o 5mm  
z
z = 7.5mm

FIGURE 4.7 Thickness and coordinate locations of the three-ply laminate.

Ply # Position εx εy  xy

1 (00) Top 8.944 (10-8) 5.955 (10-6) -3.836 (10-6)

Middle 1.637 (10-7) 5.134 (10-6) -2.811 (10-6)
Bottom 2.380 (10-7) 4.313 (10-6) -1.785 (10-6)

2 (300) Top 2.380 (10-7) 4.313 (10-6) -1.785 (10-6)

Middle 3.123 (10-7) 3.492 (10-6) -7.598 (10-7)
Bottom 3.866 (10-7) 2.670 (10-6) 2.655 (10-7)

3(-450) Top 3.866 (10-7) 2.670 (10-6) 2.655 (10-7)

Middle 4.609 (10-7) 1.849 (10-6) 1.291 (10-6)
Bottom 5.352 (10-7) 1.028 (10-6) 2.316 (10-6)
 o
Global stresses in 30 ply

 σx  109.4 32.46 54.19  2.380(10

-7
)
    9  
 σy = 32.46 23.65 20.05 (10 )  4.313(10-6)
  54.19 20.05 36.74  
τxy  0, top   - 1.785(10-6)
30  

6.930(104 )
 
= 7.391(10 ) Pa
4

 
3.381(104 )
 
Ply # Position σx σy τxy

1 (00) Top 3.351 (104) 6.188 (104) -2.750 (104)

Middle 4.464 (104) 5.359 (104) -2.015 (104)
Bottom 5.577 (104) 4.531 (104) -1.280 (104)

2 (300) Top 6.930 (104) 7.391 (104) 3.381 (104)

Middle 1.063 (105) 7.747 (104) 5.903 (104)
Bottom 1.434 (105) 8.102 (104) 8.426 (104)

3 (-450) Top 1.235 (105) 1.563 (105) -1.187 (105)

Middle 4.903 (104) 6.894 (104) -3.888 (104)
Bottom -2.547 (104) -1.840 (104) 4.091 (104)
 ε1  0.7500 0.2500 0.8660  2.380(10
-7
)
    
 ε2   = 0.2500 0.7500 - 0.8660   4.313(10 )
-6

     
 γ12 /2  - 0.4330 0.4330 0.5000 - 1.785(10-6)/ 2

 ε1  4 .837(10
-7
)
   
 ε 2 = 4.067(10 ) m/m
-6

   
γ12  2.636(10- 6)
 
Ply # Position ε1 ε2 γ12
1 (00) Top 8.944 (10-8) 5.955(10-6) -3.836(10-6)
Middle 1.637 (10-7) 5.134(10-6) -2.811(10-6)
Bottom 2.380 (10-7) 4.313(10-6) -1.785(10-6)
2 (300) Top 4.837(10-7) 4.067(10-6) 2.636(10-6)
Middle 7.781(10-7) 3.026(10-6) 2.374(10-6)
Bottom 1.073(10-6) 1.985(10-6) 2.111(10-6)
3 (-450) Top 1.396(10-6) 1.661(10-6) -2.284(10-6)
Middle 5.096(10-7) 1.800(10-6) -1.388(10-6)
Bottom -3.766(10-7) 1.940(10-6) -4.928(10-7)
 o
Local stresses in 30 ply

 σ1  0.7500 0.2500 .8660  6.930(10 )

4

    
 σ2  
= 0.2500 0.7500 - .8660   7.391(10 )
4

     
τ12 - 0.4330 0.4330 0.5000 3.381(104)

9.973(104 )
 
= 4.348(104 ) Pa
 
1.890(104 )
 
Ply # Position σ1 σ2 τ12

1 (00) Top 3.351 (104) 6.188 (104) -2.750 (104)

Middle 4.464 (104) 5.359(104) -2.015 (104)
Bottom 5.577 (104) 4.531 (104) -1.280 (104)

2 (300) Top 9.973 (104) 4.348 (104) 1.890 (104)

Middle 1.502 (105) 3.356 (104) 1.702 (104)
Bottom 2.007 (105) 2.364 (104) 1.513 (104)

3 (-450) Top 2.586 (105) 2.123 (104) -1.638 (104)

Middle 9.786 (104) 2.010 (104) -9.954 (103)
Bottom -6.285 (104) 1.898 (104) -3.533 (103)
Portion of load Nx taken by 00 ply = 4.464(104)(5)(10-3) = 223.2 N/m
Portion of load Nx taken by 300 ply = 1.063(105)(5)(10-3) = 531.5 N/m
Portion of load Nx taken by -450 ply = 4.903(104)(5)(10-3) = 245.2 N/m
The sum total of the loads shared by each ply is 1000 N/m, (223.2 + 531.5 +
245.2) which is the applied load in the x-direction, Nx.

z = -7.5mm
0o 5mm
z = -2.5mm
30o 5mm
z = 2.5mm
-45o 5mm
z
z = 7.5mm

FIGURE 4.7
Thickness and coordinate locations of the three-ply laminate.
 223.2
Percentage of load Nx taken by 00 ply   100
1000
= 22.32 %

531.5
Percentage of load Nx taken by 300 ply   100
1000
= 53.15 %

245.2
Percentage of load Nx taken by -450 ply   100
1000
= 24.52 %