Innervation of Respiratory

System
Dr. M. Yusuf Musthafa
Respiratory System Divisions
• Upper tract
– Nose, pharynx and
associated
structures
• Lower tract
– Larynx, trachea,
bronchi, lungs
 Tracheobronchial Tree
• Conducting zone
– Trachea to terminal bronchioles which is
ciliated for removal of debris
– Passageway for air movement
– Cartilage holds tube system open and smooth
muscle controls tube diameter
• Respiratory zone
– Respiratory bronchioles to alveoli
– Site for gas exchange
Tracheobronchial Tree
 Thoracic Walls
Muscles of Respiration
 Respiration

• Ventilation: Movement of air into and out

of lungs
• External respiration: Gas exchange between
air in lungs and blood
• Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in
the blood
• Internal respiration: Gas exchange between
the blood and tissues
Mekanisme pernafasan
Ventilation (breathing)
 Respiratory Center
The respiratory center is composed of3 major collections of
neurons:
(1) a dorsal respiratory group (DRG), located in the dorsal
portion of the medulla( causes Inspiration)
(2) a ventral respiratory group (VRG), located in the ventrolateral
part of the medulla, ( causes expiration) and
(3) the pontine centers a- pneumotaxic center, located dorsally
in the superior portion of the pons, ( mainly controls rate and
depth of breathing) and b- apneustic center
Note The DRG of neurons plays the most fundamental role in the
control of respiration.
Neural control of Respiration
Until recently, it was
thought the Dorsal
respiratory group of
neurons generate the basic
rhythm of breathing

It is now generally believed

that the breathing rhythm is
generated by a network of
neurons called the Pre-
Brotzinger complex. These
neurons display pacemaker
activity. They are located
near the upper end of the
medullary respiratory
centre
Neural control of Respiration
anterior
The Rhythm:
inspiration followed
by expiration

Fairly normal
ventilation retained if
section above medulla

Ventilation ceases if section

below medulla

 medulla is major
rhythm generator
 Dorsal Respiratory Group of Neurons (DRG)
The DRG of neurons in medulla responsible for
the basic rhythm of respiration.
vagal and the glossopharyngeal nerves, transmit
sensory signals into the respiratory center from:
(1) peripheral chemoreceptors,
(2) baroreceptors, and
(3) several types of receptors in the lungs.
 What gives rise to inspiration?

Dorsal respiratory
group neurones
(inspiratory) PONS

Fire in bursts
Firing leads to
contraction of MEDULLA
inspiratory muscles
- inspiration SPINAL CORD
When firing stops,
passive expiration
 Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)
Located in each side of the medulla
1.The neurons of the ventral respiratory group
remain almost totally inactive during normal
quiet respiration..
2.Providing the powerful expiratory signals to
the abdominal muscles during heavy
expiration.
 What about “active” expiration during
hyperventilation?

Increased firing
of dorsal
neurones excites
a second group: In normal quiet
breathing, ventral
Ventral neurones do not
respiratory activate expiratory
group neurones muscles
Excite internal
intercostals,
abdominals etc Forceful expiration
 The Hering-Breuer Inflation Reflex

Stretch receptors located in the muscular

portions of the walls of the bronchi and
bronchioles throughout the lungs transmit
signals through the vagi into the DRG of
neurons when the lungs become overstretched
that “switches off” and stops further
inspiration.
This is called the Hering-Breuer inflation reflex.
 Control of Respiration

chemoreceptors
brain on aorta and
carotid artery

respiratory
centres in
medulla heart

intercostal
nerve to
external
phrenic intercostal
nerve to muscles
diaphragm
ribs

diaphragm
 Chemical Control of Respiration

N.IX

Sentral N.X
Pusat Respirasi
Kemoreseptor

Kemoreseptor:
Medula Spinalis
karotid & badan
aorta

Inadekuat N. Intercostal N.Phrenicus

ventilasi:  M. intercostal  Diafragma
↓PaO2
↑PaCO2
(↓pH) ↑Ventilasi
Comparison of Divisions

21 SSP_faal/ikun/2006