Basic hydraulic.

- Introduction.
- Advantage and disadvantage of hydraulic system.
- Component of hydraulic system.
- Kinds of pump.
- Non positive displacement pump.
- Centrifugal pump.
- Positive displacement pump.
- Gear pump.
- Vane pump..
- Piston pump.

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 - Lobe pump.
- Screw pump.
- Kinds of Valves.
- Directional control valves.
- Pressure control valves.
- Flow control valves.
- Exercises.

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 Basic hydraulic.
Introduction.
The transmission and control of power by means of fluid
under pressure is becoming used in all branches of industry.
The only two types of this transmission are
1- hydraulics
2- pneumatics
In this course we shall discuss the hydraulic way.
Generally the pneumatic way deals with the use of
compressed air as a fluid while hydraulic way deals with
compressed liquids (water , oil) as a fluid.
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What is hydraulics?
Historical back ground.
The word hydraulic comes from the Greek which in turns
comes from the meaning of water.

Physical definition of hydraulic.

It is the physical science and technology of the static and
dynamic behavior of fluids.

Engineering definition of hydraulic.

It is the branch of science and engineering concerned with the
mechanical properties of liquids.
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Function of hydraulic systems.

Hydraulic systems are used to transfer energy by converted

mechanical energy to fluid energy. The principal reason for
converting to fluid energy is the convenience of transferring
energy to a new location.

Why using hydraulic systems ?

Hydraulic system has a wide range of uses from the car jacks
to the hospital bed and from the high pressure needed to
accuracies in micrometers. Also hydraulic systems have
several advantage over other technologies.
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Advantage of hydraulic systems. Over
pneumatic and mechanical systems

1- high power to weight ratio. (p,m)

2- hydraulic has much accuracy in control that we can make
control in millimeter. (p,m)
3- rapid response speed. (p,m)
4- hydraulic pressure can reach to 15000 psi or 1000 bar. (p)
5- self lubrication. (m)
6- great stiffness of hydraulic cylinders which allows to fix loads
in any intermediate position. (m)
7- protected against overloads. (m)
8- possibility of energy storage in hydraulic accumulators. (m)
9- availability of both rotary and rectilinear motions. (m)
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 10- hydraulic is fine control which has less vibration and we
can use it in infinity of speed. (m)
11- very suitable for operation characterized by frequently
stops, change in speed , starts and reverse motions. (m)
12- long distance of power transmission. (m)

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Disadvantage of hydraulic systems 0ver
pneumatic and mechanical systems.

1- high construction cost. (p,m)

2- limitation of the maximum and minimum operating
temperature. (p,m)
3- fire hazard if mineral oils are used. (p,m)
4- high cost in maintenance. (p,m)
5- hydraulic oil reversed to the tank. (p,m)
6- problems of oil filtration. (m)
7- problems of leakage. (m)

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 Advantage of pneumatic system over
hydraulic and mechanical systems.

1- pneumatic fluid do not reversed to the tank as hydraulic

system.
2- easy power carried to any place. (m)
3- pneumatic piston has higher speed than hydraulic piston.
4- the problem of leakage is controlled. (h)
5- pneumatic system cheaper than hydraulic one.
6- we can use one compressor to give power to the all pneumatic
systems. (h)
7- pneumatic system is cleaner source of power. (h,m)

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 Disadvantage of pneumatic system
over hydraulic and mechanical
systems.

1- the maximum pressure used in pneumatic system is 150 psi

or 10 bar.
2- less accuracy in control
3- need a lubricator to lubricate the pneumatic component.
4- has a discontinuous flow pressure (like car wheal changing)

Pneumatic can be with high power reach to 50 bar but by

using reciprocating compressor with multi stage reach to 5
or 6 stages, which has very large size reach to a room size.

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 Hydraulic systems
fundamentals.
Hydraulic systems have two ways of studying.

Hydraulics

Design point of view. Control point of view.

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 Design point of view of
components.
1- its shape.
2- its motion.
3- its use.
4- its kinds.

Control point of view of

components.
This point of view built up the way of thinking in constructing a
hydraulic control system doing a specific function.

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 Component of hydraulic
system.

tank

Hydraulic
lines
power

Hydraulic
system Drive
valves
motor

Hydraulic
actuators
fluid
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Figure of hydraulic system.

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 1- drive motor.
- A.C. motor.
- D.C. motor.
- mechanical motor.

2- hydraulic fluid.
- hydraulic oil.
- water.

3- hydraulic power (pumps).

- gear pumps.
- vane pumps.
- piston pumps.

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 4- valves.
- pressure control valves

- direction control valves.

- flow control valves.

5- piping (lines)
- metals.
- rubber.

6- actuators.
- hydraulic motor.
- cylinders.

7- tanks.
- fluid tanks.
- surge
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 Now we are going to discus most of component of
hydraulic systems in brief.

1- hydraulic fluids.
Properties of fluids.
a fluid covers liquid and gasses. It is a substance in which
the molecules can move about with freedom. A gas is a fluid
which will expand to completely fill the available space. Its
density varies considerably with its temperature and pressure.
A liquid is a fluid which will flow under gravity to take up the
shape of the containing vessel. The density of the liquid
changes only very slightly with changes in temperature and
pressure.

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 The deference between liquid and gases is that, liquid is
incompressible but gases is comprisable (due to the inter
molecular spaces which is large in gases.

2- Drive motors.

Drive motor is the way we can produce motion to the hydraulic

pumps. And as we said before that it consists of three types,
the alternating current motor (A.C.) which work by alternated
current. The second type is direct current motor (D.C.) which
work by direct current and diesel motors.

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D.C. motor.

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 A.C. motor.

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 3- pipes (lines).
it is the transfer method which carry power in it to another
place in the system. It may be made from un rusted metal or
from rubber that can over stand the high pressure.

4- tanks.
Tanks are the reservoir of the hydraulic fluid that are made from
un rusted metal. Also the tank may be surge tank to get red of
the undesired fluids. The hydraulic tank must be with size from
3-5 times of hydraulic oil volume of the whole system.

Properties of tank
1- allow solid contaminants and water to drop out.
2- reduce entrained air from circulation.
3- allow easy flow to the pump suction side.
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 5- hydraulic power (pumps).
Pumps is the heart of hydraulic systems which convert
mechanical energy to hydraulic energy. Pumps classified into
two branches as identified by the fluid power industry.
1- non positive displacement pumps
(hydrodynamic).
This type is used for low pressure, high volume flow
applications. Their maximum pressure capacity is limited
between 250-300 psi. most of these pumps are used in
transporting fluids from one location to another.

2- positive displacement pumps (hydrostatic).

this type of pumps are universally used, it is known as
implies. This kinds of pumps ejects fixed amount of fluid in
the hydraulic systems.
Positive displacement pumps have the following advantage
over the non positive displacement pumps.
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 1- high pressure capability ( up to 10000 psi.).
2- capable to over comes the pressure resulting from
mechanical loads and resistance to flow due to friction.
3- smaller size.
4- higher volumetric efficiency.
5- small changes in efficiency
6- can operate over a wide range of pressure requirement and
speed range.

Positive displacement pump consists of three

types:
1- gear pump.
2- vane pump.
3- piston pump.
We shall discuses the different types of them later.
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 Positive
displacement
pump

Fixed Variable
displacement displacement
pump pump

vane piston gear vane piston

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 Fixed displacement pumps.
a fixed displacement pump is one in which the amount of fluid
ejected per revelation is constant.

Variable displacement pumps.

a variable displacement pump is one which we can change the
amount of fluid ejected by changing the physical relationships
of pump elements.
- It should be understood that pumps do not pump pressure
instead it produce fluid flow.
- All pumps operate on the principal of the vacuum is created
at the pump inlet due to the internal operation of the pump
this allow atmospheric pressure to push the fluid out of the oil
tank and into the pump intake. The pump then mechanically
push the fluid out the discharge line.
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 Pump classification.
1- non positive displacement pumps
(hydrodynamic).
An example of this pump is the centrifugal pump (impeller) and
axial pump (propeller). These pumps characterized by:

1- smooth continuous flow.

2- the output flow reduced as the circuit resistance increased.
3- if the output is completely blocked and the pump is still
running at its speed, there will not be any problem.
4- it is not self priming, due to the clearance space between
the impeller and the housing
5- it is typically used in low pressure high volume flow
applications.
6- due to the output flow changes with external resistance so
they are rarely used in hydraulic systems.
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Figures for centrifugal pumps.

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Note: the direction of blade in the fig.3.4, it is convex to the flow to
produce pressure as in pumps and compressor, while if it is concave it
produce higher flow. This relation is discussed by (Oiler equation) in
design of fans.

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 Volute type

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 Diffuser type
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 Screw type centrifugal pump.

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Multi-stage type
centrifugal pump.
Its pressures to 50
bar.

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 2- positive displacement pumps (hydrostatic).

This type of pumps ejects a fixed amount of fluid per revolution

of the pump shaft. Also it has small internal leakage, so it is
suitable to hydraulic systems. Also it has a problem in the build
up pressure that we must protect it from over pressure. These
type of pumps are classified to:

Positive
displacement
pumps

Gear pumps Vane pumps Piston pumps

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 Gear
pumps

External Internal Lobe Screw

gear pumps gear pumps pumps pumps

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 Vane pumps

Unbalanced Balanced
vane pumps vane pumps

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 piston
pumps

axial radial
Plunger
design design
pumps
pumps pumps

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 Gear pumps.
external gear pump.

The operation of the external gear pump is based on the

carrying of fluid between the teeth of the meshing gears and
the pump housing. One of the gears is connected to the drive
shaft and the second gear is driven by the meshing of the
driven gear. the operation of the pump is illustrated as
following as shown in the figure.
1- vacuum is carried in the inlet port of the pump which
connected to the tank.
2- oil is carried around housing in champers formed between
tooth and housing.
3- then it is forced out from the output port of the pump as tooth
go back into mesh.
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 General Figures of external gear
pump.

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 Theoretical study of volumetric displacement
,volumetric efficiency and flow rate.

the following analysis permit us to evaluate the theoretical flow

rate of a gear pump.
Do = outside diameter of gear teeth (in , m).
Di = inside diameter of gear teeth (in , m).
L = width of gear teeth (in , m).
VD = displacement volume of pump
(in^3 / rev , m^3 / rev).
N = rpm of pump (rev / min).
QT = theoretical pump flow rate.

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 From gear geometry , the volumetric displacement is found:
VD = 3.14 / 4 (Do^2 – Di^2) L
The flow rate in English unit is:
QT (in^3 / min) = VD . N
since 1 gallon = 231 in^3
QT (gpm) = VD . N / 231
QT (liter/min) = VD . N / 1000

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 Volumetric efficiency.

There must be small clearance (about 0.001 in) between the

teeth tip and pump housing. As a result some of the oil at the
discharge port can leak directly back toward the suction port.
This means that the actual flow rate QA is less than the
theoretical flow rate QT. this internal leakage called “pump
slippage” is identified by the term volumetric efficiency ήv ,
which equal about 90%.

ήv = (QA / QT) . 100

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 graph of flow with pressure.

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 The following figures shows the kinds of external gear pump.

1- Spur gear pump (teeth are parallel to the axis of the gear)
It produce high pressure but at high speeds it become noisy,
No axial thrust force and the range of rotation is 2500 –
3000 rev / min.
2- Helical gear pump (teeth inclined at small angle to the
axis of the gear)
It produce low pressure (below 200 psi), it has low noisy. Its
pressure is low because of the excessive end thrust force
due the action of the helical gears, and the range of rotation
is 9000 rev / min.

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 3- Herringbone gear pump.
This kind has the advantage of high pressure reach to 750 psi
and also low noise is produced from it. This kind of pump
eliminate the thrust action.
Herringbone gears consists of two rows of helical teeth cut into
one gear , one of the rows is right and the other is left to
canceled out the axial thrust force.
it has high cost.

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Figures for spur , helical and
herringbone gear pump.

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 Two stage gear pump

Single stage gear pump

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 Difference between gear pump and gear
motor.

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 Problems in gear pump.
1- heating.
2- high noise.
3- decrease in pressure.
- Heating comes from,
A- leakage of oil
B- air in oil
C- very high pressure
- High noise comes from,
A- Leakage of oil from small hollow
B- vibration
- Decrease in pressure comes from,
Internal leakage between input and output when the pressure
increase. This is due to the clearance between teeth and body
increased or the teeth between the two meshing gears.
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 How to know the input and output port?

The input port is bigger than the output port or equal to decrease
the losses and to prevent cavitations.
Cavitations produced due to that the oil faced low pressure so the
oil vaporized.

How to know the rotation of the pump?

We put the motor between me and the pump.

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 Advantage of increasing number of
teeth.

1- can over come higher pressure.

2- can work on higher pressure.
3- lower noise.
4- better continuity flow.
5- discharge does not increase.

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 Internal gear pump.
It has two kinds
1- crescent shape type.
2- gerotor type.

Internal gear pump consists of an internal gear , a regular spur

gear , crescent shaped seal, (or not) and external housing. As
the power is applied to either gear the oil entering from the inlet
port then the oil enters between the spaces of internal and
external gears then the oil is carried in this spaces to the
crescent seal to the point where the oil forced by the meshing
of the two gears then goes out at the output port.

The following
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 The advantage of internal gear pump is that, it has a small size
also it has low pressure , so it used on piston pump as a
lubricated unit to it.

Calculation of displacement.
D = 3.14 * h/4 {(d1^2 – d2^2) + (w1^2 – w2^2)} / 2
Where
d1 , d2 for internal gear
W1 , w2 for external gear
We divide by 2 because half the gear is solid and the second half
is space

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 Figures for internal gear pump.

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 Gerotor pump.

The gerotor pump operates very much like the crescent shape
gear pump. the inner gear rotate to around the outer gear
caring oil between the teeth then at the small area it begin to
push the oil at the outlet port. The inner gear has one teeth
less than the outer gear.

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 Figures for gerotor pump.

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 lobe pump.
This type of pump operate in a similar way of external gear
pump but both lobes are driven externally so that they do not
actually contact each other, so they are quieter than other
types of gear pumps. Due to the less space of contact surface
of the insider lobe, the output will have greater amount of
pulsation also the volumetric displacement is greater than any
type of gear pumps. The following figures shows the lobe
pump.

Its displacement is

D = 3.14/4 (d1^2 – d2^2) * h

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 Figures of lobe pump.

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 screw pump.

The screw pump is an axial flow pump, three screws meshing

gears are in closed to a housing, as in the fig. the inner gear is
driven by the motor that is drive the upper and lower meshing
gears to push oil between spaces to the outer port of the
pump.

It has many types such as two screw pump and multi screw
pump which appear in the following figures.

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 Advantage of screw pump.

1- used in large piston for shaping.

2- very low noise.
3- very high speed reach to 30000 rev/min.
4- continuity flow (like centrifugal pump).
5- its range between (35-250) bar with discharge of range
( 88-123) gpm.
6- used in plastic injection.
7- used in marine ships (military service).

The calculation of displacement based on the design but it has

the same thinking of internal gear pump.
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 Figures for screw pump.

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 Vane pumps.
basic design and operation.

The operation of the vane pump is based on , the rotor which

contain radial slots rotate by a shaft and rotate in cam ring
(housing), each slot contain a vane design as to comes out
from the slot as the rotor turns. During one half of the rotation
the oil inters between the vane and the housing then this area
starts to decrease in the second half which permit the pressure
to be produced , then the oil comes out pressurizes to the
output port.

Types of van pump

1- unbalanced vane pump (simple vane pump).
2- balanced vane pump.
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 Advantage of vane pump

1- low noise but higher than screw pump.

2- range of work from 500 – 1800 r.p.m…… why?
3- semi continuous flow
4- pressure of work between 50 – 80 bar
5-the vane motor must have spring backward to the vane to
face the flow.

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 Unbalanced vane pump (pressure compensated).

as shown in the following fig. there is a hydraulic piston at the

right push the cam ring to the left side to the compensated
pressured spring. As the pressure increase it will be able to push
the spring to the left to decrease the discharge, also if the
discharge decreases to a limit point the spring starts to push the
cam to the right to return to its position to increase the discharge
again. This kinds of pump has self protection against high
discharge.

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 Balanced vane pump.

a balanced vane pump is one that has two intake and two outlet
ports diametrically opposite each other. Pressure ports are
opposite each other and a complete hydraulic balance is
achieved. One disadvantage of the balanced vane pump is that
it can not be designed as a variable displacement unit. It have
elliptical housing which formed two separate pumping chambers
on opposite side of the rotor. This kind give higher operating
pressure.

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 Advantage of balanced pump over
unbalanced vane pump

1- it has bigger flow

2- it has bigger pressure
3- its life is bigger
4- constant displacement

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 Piston pumps.
introduction.

A piston pump works on the principle that a reciprocating

piston can draw in fluid when it retracts in a cylinder bore and
discharge it when it extends. They are mainly used in systems
which need pressure of 140 bar and above. It used in high
efficiency at high pressure which is important when a
constant flow is required independent of pressure variations.

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 Piston pump mainly divided into three main types, axial design
which having pistons that are parallel to the axis of the cylinder
block. Axial design have three kinds,

A- bent axis pump.

B- swash plate pump.

C- wobble plate pump.

The second type is the radial design, which has pistons

arranged radially in a cylinder block.

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 Axial piston pump.
these consists of a number of pistons which are caused to
reciprocate by the relative rotation of an inclined plate or by
angling the piston block.

Bent axis design.

as shown in the fig. the cylinder block rotate with the drive
shaft, note that there is an angle between the axis of the
cylinder block and the axis of the drive shaft. the cylinder block
contains a number of pistons, the pistons are connected to the
drive shaft flange by ball and socket joints. The pistons are
forced in and out as the distance between the drive shaft flange
and cylinder block changes.

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 Figures for bent axis.

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 Swash plate design.

The fig. below shows the swash plate design, in this type the
cylinder block and the drive shaft are located on the same
center line. The pistons are connected to a shoe plate which is
connected to the swash plate. As the cylinder rotate the pistons
reciprocate. We can control the volumetric discharge by
changing the angle of the swash plate.

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 the volumetric displacement of the pump varies with the angle
between the cylinder block axis and drive shaft axis. As shown
in the fig. no flow produced when the cylinder block is parallel
to the drive shaft (angle = 0). As the angle increases the
volumetric displacement increase.

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 Wobble plate pump.

This type of pumps is a kind of the axial piston pump, its way of
motion depend on that the cylinder block is stationary and the
cam plate rotates with the drive shaft.

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Figures for wobble plate pump.

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 Difference between piston pump and piston
motor.
The only difference between them is the output plate which
contain a triangle notch, the pump has two of them while the
motor has four of them, the main function of these notches are
1- indicate the rotation direction.
2- make graduation of pressure output while it in compression.
other wise a cavitations will be found and the pump will make
high sound with vibration then a damage will produce.
Note.
In the piston rod there is an orifice which has the advantage of
lubrication of the housing and the ball of the rod.
Also it consists of outer notched circular ring which has the
advantage of lubrication of the cylinder block and to make a
compensating in pressure between the output and input along
the piston rod.
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 Calculations of the displacement of the piston pump.

Stroke = L = D * sin θ

Where L is the difference between the maximum stroke and the

minimum stroke.

And D is the eccentric diameter of the pistons

Displacement = (3.14/4) * d^2 * L * n

Where n is the number of pistons.

And d is the diameter of each piston.

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 Radial piston pump.

This kind of pump consists of piston mounted radically in a

housing and spring loaded which permit the piston to goes out
to be filled with oil. Another type the pistons remains in contact
with the reaction ring due to the centrifugal force, as the piston
rotate the piston comes out to make a suction and by returning
around the ring it goes back to the cylinder to make the
pressure. Certain models are operate at 1000 bar and flow rate
1000 liter/min

Drawing of symbols of hydraulic pump and motor.

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 6- valves.

Introduction.

valves is the control unit which is the link between the fluid
power and the actuators, they are used to control the flow rate ,
the direction of flow and the pressure of fluid. The selection of
these control devices involves not only on the type but also on
the size. The main three type of valves are.

1- the direction control valves.

2- pressure control valves.
3- flow control valves.

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 Direction control valves.

the direction control valves are used to control the direction of

the flow in hydraulic circuit. It have many types.

Check valve (non return valve).

the function of this type of valve is to permit the flow in one

direction and to prevent it in the other direction.

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Figure for check valve.

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 As we see in the fig. a spring is holding the poppet in the closed
position while in the flow direction the fluid pressure overcome
the spring pressure and permit the fluid to flow. As the pressure
increase the flow increase as show in the graph.

check valves are available with different spring stiffness to give

different opening pressure.

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 Kinds of poppet in check valves.

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 Pilot operated check valve.

the second type of check valve is the pilot operated check

valve. This type of check valve always permits free flow in one
direction but permits flow in the normally blocked opposite
direction only if pilot pressure is applied.

The purpose of the drain port is to prevent oil from creating a

pressure built up on the bottom of the piston.

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 Sliding spool type directional control valves.

this kind of valves have many shapes according to the number

of ports and number of chambers. Its construction is based on
a spool which derived right or left to open and close ports. This
type of valves may be (2,3,4,5) way valve with (2,3,4,5)
chambers.

The spool type directional control valve is classified by

four things.

1- its size(4,6,8,10,16,25,32).
2- its N/N (3/4,2/4,…etc.).( number of ports/ number of
chamber)
3- its draw (especially the middle position).
4- its way of control (manually, electrically,…etc.).
The clearance between the spool and the valve case reaches
to 0.001 in.
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Amount of discharge of size 4,6 is 40-60 l/min, size 10 is 120-150
l/min, size 16 is 300l/min and size 32 is 1m^3/min.

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 Directional control valve banks

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 Valve symbol structure

A 3/2 valve therefore has 3 ports (normally these are inlet,

outlet and exhaust) and 2 states (the normal state and the
operated state)
The boxes are two pictures of the same valve

operated normal

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 Valve symbol structure

A valve symbol shows the pictures for each of the valve

states joined end to end

operated normal

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 Valve symbol structure

A valve symbol shows the pictures for each of the valve

states joined end to end

operated normal

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 Valve symbol structure

The port connections are shown to only one of the

diagrams to indicate the prevailing state

normal

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 Valve symbol structure

The operator for a particular state is illustrated against

that state

Operated state
produced by
pushing a button

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 Valve symbol structure

The operator for a particular state is illustrated against

that state

Operated state Normal state

produced by produced by
pushing a button a spring

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 Valve symbol structure

The operator for a particular state is illustrated against

that state

Operated state Normal state

produced by produced by
pushing a button a spring

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 Valve symbol structure

The valve symbol can be visualised as moving to align

one state or another with the port connections

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 Valve symbol structure

The valve symbol can be visualised as moving to align one

state or another with the port connections

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 Valve symbol structure

A 5/2 valve symbol is constructed in a similar way. A

picture of the valve flow paths for each of the two states is
shown by the two boxes. The 5 ports are normally an inlet,
2 outlets and 2 exhausts

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 Valve symbol structure

The full symbol is then made by joining the two boxes and
adding operators. The connections are shown against only
the prevailing state

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 Valve symbol structure

The full symbol is then made by joining the two boxes and
adding operators. The connections are shown against only
the prevailing state

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Valve functions
Basic valves before Examples, push button operated
operators are added with spring return

Normal position

Function 2/2

Function 3/2

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Valve functions

Basic valves before Examples, push button operated

operators are added with spring return

Operated position

Function 2/2

Function 3/2

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Valve functions

Basic valves before Examples, push button operated

operators are added with spring return

Normal position

Function 4/2

Function 5/2

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Valve functions
Basic valves before Examples, push button operated
operators are added with spring return

Operated position

Function 4/2

Function 5/2

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 Valve functions 5/3

Three position valves have a normal central position that

is set by springs or with a manual control such as a lever
The flow pattern in the centre position varies with the
type. Three types will be considered
1, All ports sealed
2, Outlets to exhaust, supply sealed
3, Supply to both outlets, exhausts sealed

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Valves 5/3

 All valves types shown in the normal position

 Type 1. All ports sealed

 Type 2. Outlets to exhaust

 Type 3. Supply to outlets

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Valves 5/3

 All valves types shown in the first operated position

 Type 1. All ports sealed

 Type 2. Outlets to exhaust

 Type 3. Supply to outlets

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Valves 5/3

 All valves types shown in the normal position

 Type 1. All ports sealed

 Type 2. Outlets to exhaust

 Type 3. Supply to outlets

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Valves 5/3

 All valves types shown in the second operated position

 Type 1. All ports sealed

 Type 2. Outlets to exhaust

 Type 3. Supply to outlets

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Valves 5/3

 All valves types shown in the normal position

 Type 1. All ports sealed

 Type 2. Outlets to exhaust

 Type 3. Supply to outlets

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 valves control.

Manually actuated valve.

Valve spool can be controlled by manual way (hand lever).

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Operators
Manual

General manual Lever

Push button Pedal

Pull button Treadle

Push/pull button Rotary knob

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 Mechanical actuated valves.

This valve can be controlled mechanically, the lever of spool

controlled mechanically.

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Operators

Mechanical

Plunger / piston Pressure

Spring normally Pilot pressure

as a return

Roller Differential pressure

Uni-direction Detent in 3 positions

or one way trip

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 Solenoid actuated valve.

A very common way to actuate a spool valve is using a

solenoid, when the electric coil is energized, it creates a
magnetic force that pull the armature into the coil. This causes
the armature to push on the push rod to move the spool of the
valve.

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Operators

Electrical

Solenoid Solenoid pilot

direct with manual
override and
external pilot
Solenoid pilot supply

When no internal
Solenoid pilot or external pilot
with manual override supply is shown it
and internal pilot is assumed to be
supply internal

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 Selection of center conditions.

Selection of the middle condition depend on the function

desired at normal position.

In the following Exercise for center condition we will discusses

its shapes.

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 Pilot actuated valve.

Direction control valve can also be shifted by applying pilot

pressure (air, oil) against a piston at either end of the valve
spool. And this is used in control big valves, otherwise we will
use a big internal spring to control the valve.

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 The function of X and Y ports are that I can use outside pump to
give a pressure to the pilot valve. Also in this valve I can give
internal pressure to the pilot valve.

Why we use pilot operated valve?

We use it when we need to control a big size valve, other wise we

will use a big spring size to control the spool.

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 Parallel and serious connection.

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 Shuttle valve.

a shuttle valve is another type of directional control valve. It

permits a system to operate from either of two fluid power
sources. One application is for safety in the event that the main
pump can no longer provide hydraulic power to operate
emergency devices. The shuttle valve will shift to allow fluid to
flow from the secondary backup pump. The shuttle valve
consists of a floating piston that can be move to one side or the
other of the valve depending on which side of the piston has
the greater pressure. The shuttle valve is determined by OR
gate.
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 Pressure control valves.

Pressure
Control
valve

Simple
Reduction unloading Sequence
Relief valve
valve valve
valve

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 Simple relief valve.
the function of the relief valve is to set the maximum pressure in
the hydraulic system.
There many types of the internal construction of the relieve
valve.

As we see one of the symbol with an arrow and the other

without, which learn us that one of them is pre-adjusted and the
other can be adjusted.
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 Ball or poppet type.

-ball or poppet type have a rapid response to pressure, as seen

in the fig. but the disadvantage of it is that due to frequently
hammer on the seat, a seat damage can occur which resulting a
leakage. This type is best suited for infrequent duty.

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 Guided piston type.

-it is best suited for low pressure applications under constant

flow conditions (up to 100 bar) also it has high speed response
but slower than poppet type.

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 Differential piston/poppet type.

-it is suited for pressure up to 350 bar. As shown in the fig. the
pressure acts on the differential areas between the poppet and
the seat. When the valve operate a large flow area opens for a
relatively small poppet movement.

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 Pilot operated type.

-it is a two stage valve which gives good regulation of pressure

over a range of flow. It consists of main spool controlled by a
small built in direction action relief valve. Pressure is sensed at
the pilot relief valve via a small hole or jet in the spool. When
the control valve is closed, the main spool is in hydraulic
balance, it is held onto its seat by a light spring. Any increase in
pressure sufficient to open the control valve throw the main
spool out of balance owing to the pressure drop across the jet,
and the spool lifts against the spring relieving the major flow
from the pressure to the tank port. The small amount of flow
which passes through the section returns to the tank. There is a
vent port which is plugged for normal operation so that the valve
can be remotely operated.

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 Figure for pilot operated relief valve.

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 Pressure reduction valves.

pressure reduction valve is normally opened valve, its function

is to fixed the output pressure, if the pressure increases than
the adjusted pressure , the spool closed the pass, and vice
versa. It has two kinds, directly operated pressure reduction
valve and pilot operated pressure reduction valve. The last is
usually used in higher flow rates and in general give better
regulation of pressure with flow.

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 Pressure sequence valves.

the use of this valve is to sense a change in pressure in a

system and transmit a hydraulic signal when a set pressure has
been reached. That is to say if I need to move piston number
one then piston number two, I adjust the relief pressure of
piston number two at higher pressure than piston number one.

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 Unloading valve.

The unloading valve is a valve like the pressure relief valve

except that its signal can be taken from any place of the system.

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 Flow control valves.

The main function of flow control valves is to regulate the fluid

rate to actuators and motors and so give speed control. They
may be as simple as a fixed orifice or an adjustable needle
valve. The change in the area of the orifice of the valve play a
major part in the design of the valve.

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 Example for pressure flow valves. Many positions of that
valve in the system.
1- position after the pump.
2- position before the directional valve.
3- position after the directional control valve at A+
4- position after the directional control valve at A-

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 Meter in and meter out.

Meter in control the fluid goes into the piston, while meter out is
control the fluid goes out to the piston.

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 Make tests for
1- piston
2- pump and motor
3- directional valve
4- relief valve

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 End

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