Database System

UTB

Jean Paul NIZEYIMANA

McGraw-Hill Technology Education Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Introduction
 Objectives of the course
Aims:
• This module will provide students to
understand need and working of Database
Systems, to understand various architectures
of DBMS, to learn Relational model & SQL and
to learn Relational database design.

3
 Course Information
•Assessment
•Contact details – 60% Coursework
• Some lab-marked exercises
– Jean Paul NIZEYIMANA
• A written exercise with a
– jnizeyimana@utb.ac.rw database design
– 0788771540 – 40% Examination
– Office: B05 • 2 hour written exam
 Why Study Databases?
• Databases are useful
– Many computing applications
deal with large amounts of
information
– Database systems give a set
of tools for storing, searching
and managing this
information
• Databases in CS
– Databases are a ‘core topic’ in
computer science
– Basic concepts and skills with
database systems are part of
the skill set you will be
assumed to have as a CS
graduate
 Data vs. Information
• Data:
– Raw facts; building blocks of information
– Unprocessed information
• Information:
– Data processed to reveal meaning
• Accurate, relevant, and timely information is key
to good decision making
• Good decision making is the key to survival in a
global environment
Foundation Data Concepts
Large
Database Concepts
 Database – a collection of related tables
 Tables – a collection of related records
– collection of related entities
 Record – collection of fields (table row)
–represents an entity
 Field – collection of characters (table column)
– represents an attribute
 Character – single alphabetic, numeric or other symbol

Small
Fields
 Characters “B R E I M E R” form a field

Last Name
Breimer

 A field is an attribute of an entity

Records
 A bunch of fields form a record

First Name Last Name Sex Weight

Eric Breimer Yes 263

 A record is an entity
Tables
 A bunch of records forms a table

First Name Last Name Sex Age

Eric Breimer M 30
Jeff Albert M 22
Jackie Pizzo F 21
 A table is a group of related entities
Databases
 A bunch of tables form a database

Customer Table Order Table

Product Table

 A database can represent a single

business or an entire market
Databases
 But, databases are not just a bunch of
tables Orders
OID CID PID Quantity
001 508 199 500,000
002 508 201 2
003 510 201 1

Customers Products
CID FName LName Address PID Description Cost
508 Eric Breimer ... 199 Viagra $45.99
509 Andrew Zych ... 200 Tooth Paste $2.58
510 Greg Smith ... 201 Hair Gel $5.99

 A database also includes relationships

between the different tables
 Types of Databases
• Single-user:
– Supports only one user at a time
• Desktop:
– Single-user database running on a personal
computer
• Multi-user:
– Supports multiple users at the same time
Types of Databases (continued)
• Workgroup:
– Multi-user database that supports a small
group of users or a single department
• Enterprise:
– Multi-user database that supports a large
group of users or an entire organization
Types of Databases (continued)
Can be classified by location:
• Centralized:
– Supports data located at a single site
• Distributed:
– Supports data distributed across several sites
Types of Databases (continued)
Can be classified by use:
• Transactional (or production):
– Supports a company’s day-to-day
operations
• Data warehouse:
– Stores data used to generate information
required to make tactical or strategic
decisions
– Often used to store historical data
– Structure is quite different
 Database Users
• End users
– Use the database system
to achieve some goal
• Application developers
– Write software to allow end
users to interface with the
database system
• Database Administrator
(DBA)
– Designs & manages the
database system
• Database systems
programmer
– Writes the database
software itself
 Data Dictionary - Metadata
• The dictionary or catalog • The dictionary holds
stores information about – Descriptions of database
the database itself objects (tables, users,
rules, views, indexes,…)
• This is data about data or
– Information about who is
‘metadata’ using which data (locks)
• Almost every aspect of – Schemas and mappings
the DBMS uses the
dictionary
 Database Management System (DBMS)

 Collection of interrelated data

 Set of programs to access the data
 DBMS contains information about a particular enterprise
 DBMS provides an environment that is both convenient and
efficient to use.
 Database Applications:
 Banking: all transactions
 Airlines: reservations, schedules
 Universities: registration, grades
 Sales: customers, products, purchases
 Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply chain
 Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax deductions
 Databases touch all aspects of our lives

Database System Concepts 1.19 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan