Resistors

Analog Electronics
Eng. Islam Sayed Khalefa

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Resistor function
• Works as a current limiting element to:
• Protect component
• Save power

3V 1.5V

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Resistance
RL

R  L / A

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Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL)
• The directed sum of the electrical potential differences
(voltage) around any closed network is zero

• Example: calculate the resistor’s value in our circuit

Solution :
 VB  VR  VD  0
 3  VR  1.5  0
VR  1.5v
3V 1.5V/10mA
I .R  1.5v
 I  10mA
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 R  1.5 *103 / 10  150
Power rating
• Resistive load power
P  V .I

150Ω
P  I 2R  V 2 / R
I  10mA, R  150
P  (10 *10 3 ) 2 .(150)
3V 1.5V/10mA
P  15mW  250mW

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Resistors types
• Carbon composition
• Metal oxide film
• Wire wound
• Carbon film
• Metal film
• Thin film

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Carbon composite resistor
R  L / A  L & A are constant

• Resistance made from carbon powder (conductor) mixed with

some kind of glue (isolator)
• By varying the percentage of mixture we can manipulate rho
so the resistance
• Carbon composite resistor is also called color coded resistors
because it’s value determined by color strips on it

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Resistors color code

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Examples (3 Band)

1 0 * 10e3 = 10KΩ ± 20%

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Examples (4 Band)

5 0 * 10e2 ±1% = 5KΩ ± 1%

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Examples (5 Band)

2 6 0 * 10e3 ±.05% = 260KΩ ± 0.05%

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Examples (6 Band)

3 5 9 * 10e6 ±5% 100ppm = 359MΩ ± 5%

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Resistors connection
Series connection Parallel connection
• Req = R1 + R2 • 1/Req = 1/R1 + 1/R2
• Vin = V1+ V2 • Iin = I1+ I2
• I  constant • V  constant

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Variable resistors
R  L / A  ρ & A are constant
Position dependent resistors (Linear - Rotational)
Called Potentiometers or Trimmers

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Potentiometers (cont’d)

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Potentiometers (cont’d)
• Potentiometers applications:
• Change amplification gain (e.g.) volume knobs
• Setting reference voltages to a circuit (e.g.) ADC Ref. voltage
• Transducer (e.g.) servomechanism feedback
• Variable duty cycle multi-vibrators (e.g.) timer 555

50% 

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Case study
• What’s the speed of motor?

 1KΩ, 50%

9V
1KΩ
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But …!?

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