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CERAMICS
Contents
• Introduction
• History
• Classification
• Application
• Composition
• Mechanical behaviour & physical properties
• Factors affecting strength
• Methods of strengthening dental ceramic
• Metal ceramics
• Technical consideration for metal ceramic rest.
• Types of metal ceramic system
• Porcelain metal bond
• Classification of bond failure in metal ceramic
• RECENT ADVANCES
• All ceramic systems
• Aluminous core ceramics
• Inceram
• Castable ceramics
• Machinable ceramics
• Metal reinforced ceramic
• Sellection of all ceramic system
• Scope of ceramics
• Conclussion
Definations
CERAMIC: defined as inorganic compound
with nonmetallic properties consisting of
metallic or semi metallic elements.
Denture teeth
Metal ceramic
Veneers, inlays, crowns, anterior bridges
By processing method:
Sintering
Casting
Machining
By their firing temperature
Opaque porcelain
Body dentine porcelain
Gingival dentin porcelain
Overlay enamel
Incisal enamel
Basic composition
• Feldspar: Mixture of potassium and aluminium
silicates
Two important properties
-retains its form
-incongruent melting
Feldspathic porcelains: These have been in use for more than 50 years.
The feldspathic porcelains are too weak to use as all ceramic restorations
and hence are supported with a metal coping.
Conventional dental porcelain is a ceramic based on a
network of silica (Si) and potash feldspar or Soda feldspar
or both. Pigments opacifiers and glasses are added to
control the fusion temperature, sintering temperature,
thermal contraction coefficient and solubility.
Silica
The aluminum can replace the silicone ions and this results in
the formation of Aluminosilicate glass. Because of the sharing
of the oxygen ions the glass containing silicatetrahedra and
aluminium tetrahedra polymerises.
Fluxes
1. Cerium oxide
2. Titanium oxide
3. Zirconium oxide (the most popular opalcyfying agent
used) Potassium and sodium feldspar is naturally occurring
minerals composed of potash soda, alumina, and silica. It is
used in the preparation of dental porcelains designed for
metal ceramic crowns.
When feldspar is heated at temperatures between 1530 and
1560 degree centigrade, it undergoes incongruent melting
to form crystals as leucite in a liquid phase. Incongruent
melting is the process by which one material melts to
forms a liquid plus a different crystalline material. This
crystalline phase formed is lecture, which is potassium
aluminum silicate with a large coefficient of thermal
expansion.
Fritting:
The term frit is used to describe the final glass product. The
raw mineral powders are mixed together in a refractory
crucible and heated to a temperature well above their
ultimate maturing temperature. The oxides melt together to
forma molten glass, gases are allowed to escape and the melt
is then quenched in water. The red hot glass striking the cold
water immediately breaks up into fragments and this is
termed as ‘frit’.
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS
Biological properties:
These are inert materials with excellent biocompatibility.
Chemical properties:
The greatest advantage of this material is the extreme resistance
offered to attach by chemicals. Chemicals such as hydrofluoric acid
are required to dissolve ceramics. As ceramics are inert obtaining
adhesion to them is difficult, ceramic restorations are roughened by
etching with hydrofluoric acid / by sand blasting to improve the
retention of a cement to the internal surface of the restorations.
Mechanical properties:
High noble.
- Gold platinum palladium
- Gold palladium silver
- Gold palladium
- Nickel chromium
- Nickel chromium
- Cobalt beryllium
BONDING MECHANISMS
Four mechanism have been described to explain
the bond between the ceramic veneer and the metal
substructure.
1. Mechanical entrapment
2. Compressive forces
3. Van der waals forces
4. Chemical bonding
Mechanical entrapment:
Chemical bonding
• Cleaning :
Oxidizing
OPAQUE LAYER
APPLICATION.
Methods of condensation:
The Porcelain is mixed and applied.
Vibration:
Mild vibrations are used to densely pack the wet powder
upon the underlying matrix. The excess water comes to
the surface and is blotted with a tissue paper.
Spatulation:
A small spatula is used, to apply and smoothen the wet
porcelain. This action brings excess water to the surface.
Brush technique:
Dry powder is placed by a brush. Water is drawn towards
the dry powder and the wet particles are pulled together.
Ultrasonic:
Mild vibrations are transmitted electrically.
METHODS OF BUILDING AND CONDENSING
PORCELAIN
Low Bisque:
The surface of the porcelain is very porous and will
easily absorb a water soluble die. At this stage the
grains of porcelain will have started to soften.
Shrinkage will be minimal and the fired body is
extremely weak and friable. Lack translucency and
glaze.
Medium bisque:
The surface will still be slightly porous but the flow
of the glass grains will have increased. A definite
shrinkage will have taken place. Lacks translucency
and high glaze.
High bisque:
The surface of the porcelain would be completely
sealed and presents a much smoother surface with a
slight shine. shrinkage is complete. Appears glazed.
Cooling
Must be carried out slowly and uniformly. If
shrinkage is not uniform it causes cracking and loss of
strength.
Glazing
Porcelains are glazed to give a smooth and glossy
surface, enhance, esthetics and promote hygiene.
The glazing should be done only on a slightly
roughened surface and never should be applied on
glazed surfaces.
1. Overglaze
2. Self glaze
Over glaze:
These are ceramic powders containing more
amount of glass modifiers thus lowering fusion
temperature. It may be applied to porcelain and
then fired.
Self glaze:
All the constituents on the surface are melted to
form a molten mass about 25 μm thick. Thus the
porcelain is said to be self glazed.
Add on porcelains
The add on porcelains are made from similar
materials to glaze porcelain except for the addition
of opacifiers and coloring pigments. The add on
porcelain is made from the same grit as used to
manufacture regular porcelain.
These are sparingly used for simplest corrections
like correcting of tooth contour / contact points.
Repair of fracture ceramic restoration
Roughen the fracture ceramic surface using an
intraoral sand blaster generally using 30-50 μm
aluminium grit.
Silane is applied.
Example- vitadur N
Used as core.
CASTABLE GLASS CERAMICS
• No longer sold
• Disadvantages
Limited use in low stress bearing areas
Unable to color internally
• Dicor plus : pigmented feldspathic
porcelain veneer.
• MacCulloch in 1968
Recent advances in ceramics for dentistry-I L Denry, Crit Rev Oral Biol
Med 1996,7(2),134-143.