Analytically Investigation of

Carbon Fibre Reinforced

Tendons Effect on the
Behaviour of Post-tensioning
Anchorage Zone
Supervised by: Dr. Omar Qarani
Prepared by: PhD Student/ Mariwan Mirhaj M.Salih
Date: 11 Dec 2017

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 Contents

1 Types of Tendons

2 Anchorage Systems

3 Failure Modes

4. Sample of Analytical Investigations

References
1.Types of Tendons used with Prestress

Tendons

Steel Tendons FRP Tendons

 Tendons

 One of the most common problems associated with steel is

corrosion, even when the ‘right’ protection technique is
used. Significant loss of prestressing may occur as a result
of tendon corrosion which may, in turn, lead to
catastrophic failure. Even if failure does not occur, the
serviceability advantage of post-tensioned concrete may
disappear if the prestressing force in steel is lost or
reduced as a result of corrosion.
 Hence the idea of replacing steel with a new type of
material has emerged. This new type of material is fiber
reinforced plastics (FRP).
 Most FRPs used today are reinforced with glass (GFRP),
aramid (AFRP), and/or carbon (CFRP).
 Tendons

 Of the FRP considered, CFRP exhibits the highest tensile

strength, excellent fatigue strength compared with steel
tendons, and very low relaxation. The most attractive
properties of FRP in general and CFRP in particular are the
high durability and corrosion resistance compared with
steel tendons.
 The key problem facing the application of CFRP tendons in
post-tensioning is how to anchor them. An anchorage
system must be designed which allows for the
development of the full strength of the prestressing cable
with minimal creep and loss of load at transfer, whilst also
satisfying all the other technical requirements of a post-
tensioning anchorage tendon assembly.
2. Anchorage systems for CFRP tendons

6. Other systems 1. Split Wedge

Anchorage
5. Swaged 2. Plug-in Cone
Systems

4. Resin-potted 3. Resin Sleeve

2.1. Split Wedge Anchorage System

 Composition: A metal wedge in a conical housing is used to grip the

tendon,
 Concept: The wedges compress the perimeter of the tendon and teeth
in the wedges grip it,
 Tendon fracture: The tendons fracture is due to biting action of the
wedge, since FRPs have very low lateral and shear strengths,
 Improvements: Enka (1986) used a plastic wedge system, but use of
this system is limited to pre-tensioning prestressing.
2.2. Plug-in Cone Anchorage System

 Composition: A bundle of tendons is placed in a conical housing

socket. A solid cone (spike) is then drawn into the bundle center to
splay out the tendons, gripping them individually between the spike
itself and the socket.
 Advantages: The system 1) is reported to perform well under a static
load (Burgoyne 1990), and also 2) has the advantage that it not uses
resins around the tendons,
 Disadvantages: The main disadvantage of this system with respect to
FRP tendons is that the tendons are not straight at the front of the
anchorage, which may shatter the tendons.
2.3. Resin-sleeve Anchorage System

 Composition: An epoxy resin is injected between a cylindrical steel

shell (sleeve) and the tendons.
 Advantages: The inside surface of the sleeve is usually deformed or
threaded to improve the load transfer,
 Disadvantages: In adition to suffering excessive creep deformation
and being sensitive to moisture and thermal loads, rod bond failures
have also been reported for this anchorage system (Holte et al.
1993a).
2.4. Resin-potted Anchorage System

 Composition: The resin-sleeve anchorage system is modified to this

geometry to achieve better anchorage.
 Advantages: the compressive action of the split wedge is developed
while the continuous bond of the resin relieves the biting action of the
teeth,
 Disadvantages: Creep deformation and sensitivity to thermal loading
and moisture are still major problems for this type of anchorage (Dolan
1991). Also, Numerical finite element analysis (Holte et al. 1993a)
showed that a very high concentration of shear stress occurs at the
anchorage front end.
 2.5. Swaged Anchorage System

The rod/cable is embedded in a resin and transverse stress is

generated along a steel shell using bolts and nuts. Increased
friction along the surface of the tendons is generated and
provides the required gripping (Sippel 1992).
 3. Failure modes of FRP anchorages

Occurs if the anchorage

systems currently used for
1 steel tendons are used for
Cable rupture at its free length CFRP tendons.

2
Shear Failure in the anchorage zone

The most
3 catastrophic failure.
Bond failure between epoxy & the tendon

4
Slip failure between the tendon and the grip
4. Sample of Analytically Investigations

‘Analytically Investigation of Bond Strength and Strain Distribution

in the Anchorage zone of Post-tensioned CFRP Tendons [1]’
------------------------------------------------------------
 For anchorage zones near the ends of the beam, where FRP tendons are
anchored to these post-tensioned anchorage (both primary and secondary)
zones, proper design approaches should be followed so that the
reinforcement can resist bursting stresses developed [2] .

Primary zones

Secondary zones

 The stress-state acting on the tendon within the anchor is complex.

Tendons undergo a state of axial tension and transverse compression.
The transverse forces within the anchorage zone create a zone of
stress concentration, which may be detrimental to the overall behavior
of the tendon, especially under fatigue loading.
 Gu and Ansari [3] used a bond-type anchorage system as shown. They
conducted tests on the anchorage system using 8 and 10 mm diameter
smooth CFRP rods.
Preliminary experiments indicated that the
gripping action of the wedge during loading
caused the CFRP rod to shatter. An
alternative design of the system was
considered were a conventional 7-wire
prestressing strand was used in
conjunction with the CFRP rod in order to
transmit the post-tensioning load through
the steel strands to the FRP rod.
See Fig. (1-b).
 Experimental Program
 The behavior of the anchorage system
subjected to the tensile force of the
tendon was studied through the
experimental arrangement shown
(). (6 experiments were performed
with this arrangement.)
 A total of 18 anchorage systems were
tested. (12 experiments were done for
beams having anchorages loaded by a
post-tensioning hydraulic jack.)
 These beams were eventually tested
under four point loading, and they
were subjected to quasi-static as well
as fatigue bending tests.
 Results indicate that all anchorage
systems employed in beams perform
well and did not fail under static
and/or fatigue loading conditions.
 Experimental Results

Strain Distribution in the Anchorage Zone:

 The tendons were loaded in steps in order to monitor strain transfer
characteristics along the length of the anchorage zone.
 Figures 9 through 12 correspond to typical results representing the
distribution of strain in the anchorage zone of tendons at various
stages of loading.
 These results indicate that it is possible to assume linear increase in
strain as a function of distance along the anchorage zone, with strain
being zero at the free end and maximum at the loaded side of the
anchorage.
 These results will be used for the determination of bond strengths.
Bond Strength of the Anchorage Zone:
 For smooth bars, bending is governed by smooth friction and adhesion.
Adhesion plays a very minute role since it is lost at the very early
stages of loading. The lateral pressure associated with the expansive
cement governs friction.
 As evident by the experimental results, for smaller loads bond is
developed along a limited length of the anchorage. The development
length extends for increasing tendon loads.
 Shown in Figure 13 is the schematic representation of strain in the anchorage.
 It is possible to use the linear strain relationship in Fig. 13 to determine the
bond development length at any loading stage.
 Sample of Equations
The bond development length, 𝑋2 , at any loading stage is given by:
𝑋1
𝑋2 = 𝜀
1 − 𝜀𝑏
𝑎
Where 𝜀𝑎 , 𝜀𝑏 are measured strains of tendon at data points a and b,
𝑋1 = distance between point a and point b,
𝑋2 = bond development length.
Equilibrium of tendon requires that:
𝐹
𝜏=
𝑑𝜋𝑋2
Where d = diameter of CFRP bar,
𝜏 = Bond strength,
F = Tensile force in the tendon.
 Results from this study

 Figure 14 shows bond strengths as a function of the lateral pressure

exerted by the expansive cement for all the eighteen anchorage
systems tested in this study.
 Linear regression analysis of this data reveals a coefficient of
correlation of 0.886.
 The constant of proportionality between the bond strength, 𝜏 , and
the lateral pressure, 𝑝 , constitutes the friction between the tendon
and the expansive cement in the anchorage system.
 Conclusions from this study

 A new bond-type anchorage system for use with CFRP

tendons is proposed. The research and development
activity includes testing, instrumentation and monitoring
of the anchorage strains and bond characteristics for
applications requiring post-tensioning of CFRP rods.
 One of the main advantages of the proposed system is
the use of the expansive cement as the gripping agent,
and therefore eliminating the unwanted characteristics of
epoxy resin bonding agents.
 Results from this study comprised of measurement of
pressures generated by the expansive cement, strain
distribution in the anchorage zone, bond development
length and bond strength of the anchorage.
 5. References

[1] Mahmoud M. Redatahaand Nigelg. Shrive (2003), UPHC anchors for

Post-tensioning: Ultra-high-performance concrete anchors for CFRP
tendons can be a step towards metal-free structures. Concrete International.
[2] Xianglin Gu and Farhad Ansari (2000). Bond strength and strain
distribution in the anchorage zone of post-tensioned CFRP tendons.
[3] T.J. Ibell, L. Gale and M.C. Choi (2003) Design of anchorage zones for
FRP-Prestressed concrete. FRPRCS-6, Singapore, World Scientific
Publishing Company. Cited in [Tan K. H. (2003) Fiber reinforced Polymer
Reinforcement for Concrete Structures, Vol. (1), Proceedings of the 6th
international symposium on FRP reinforcement for concrete structures,
FRPRCS-6. World Scientific: Singapore. pp 955-964].
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