Global Positioning

System

Presented by:
Sushant Maurya
 CONTENTS
Introduction
History
Need of GPS
How does the GPS work?
Factors that affect the GPS
Applications
Future Scope
Conclusion
References
 INTRODUCTION

The Global Positioning System(GPS) is a

satellite-based navigation system made
up of a network of 24 satellites placed
into orbit by the U.S. Department of
Defence that continuously transmit
coded information, which makes it
possible to precisely identify locations
on earth.
 HISTORY

In the old time, people have used Stars

and moon to get positions so that they
can travel..
 NEED OF GPS

Where am I? Where am I going? Where

are you? What is the best way to get
there? When will I get there?
GPS technology can answer all these
questions.
 WHERE IT CAME FROM
Funded and Controlled by U.S. DOD
Originally Designed for the Military
1978 First Block of Satellites launched
1989 Second Block of Satellites launched
1995 Fully Operational
Korean Flight 007 Crashed(1983)–
President Ronald Regan guaranteed all GPS
signals would be available to the world
HOW DOES THE GPS WORK?

Triangulation from satellite

Distance measurement through travel
time of radio signals
Very accurate timing required
Along with distance, need to know exactly
where the satellites are in space
Finally delays have to be corrected
THREE SEGMENTS OF GPS
 SPACE SEGMENT
24 Satellites in 6
orbital plane
4 satellites in each
plane
20,200km altitudes
Five to Eight Satellites visible at any time
Each satellite transmits data including both
current location and time
CONTROL SEGMENT
 USER SEGMENT

GPS Receivers
• Decodes the signals
from Satellites.
• Calculate the distance.
• Triangulates the
position
• Triangulation?
 CALCULATING DISTANCE

Velocity x Time = Distance

Radio waves travel at the speed of light, roughly
3,00,000km per second (kmps)
If it took 0.06 seconds to receive a signal
transmitted by a satellite floating directly
overhead, use this formula to find your distance
from the satellite.
3,00,000kmps x 0.06 seconds = 18,000km
 TRIANGULATION(IN 2D)

A man says that he is at 500km from

Delhi.
TRIANGULATION(IN 2D)

Delhi
 TRIANGULATION(IN 2D)

A man says that he is at 500km from

Delhi.
Again he says, he is at 300km from
Lucknow.
TRIANGULATION(IN 2D)

Lucknow
Delhi
 TRIANGULATION(IN 2D)

A man says that he is at 500km from

Delhi.
Again he says, he is at 300km from
Lucknow.
He again says that he is 400km away
from Jaipur.
TRIANGULATION(IN 2D)

Lucknow
Delhi

Jaipur
 TRIANGULATION(IN 3D)

For 3D , we need at least 4 known

points or 4 satellites.
 TRIANGULATION(IN 3D)

1 satellite
 TRIANGULATION(IN 3D)

2 satellites
 TRIANGULATION(IN 3D)

3 satellites
 TRIANGULATION(IN 3D)

4 satellites
 Modes of Operation
Standard Positioning System
• Data Transmitted on L1(1575.42 MHz) HA=100m
Frequency
VA=156m
• For civil users
• Accuracy is degraded TA=340ns

Precise Positioning System

• Data Transmitted on L1(1575.42 MHz) HA=22m
and L2(1227.60 MHz) Frequencies VA=27.7m
• For Military users
TA=200ns
• Highly Accurate
 FACTORS THAT AFFECT GPS
Clock Error
Relativity Error
Multipath - reflection of GPS signals near the
antennae
Ionosphere - change in the travel time of the signal
Troposphere - change in the travel time of the signal
Satellite Geometry - general distribution of the
satellites
Satellite Health - Availability of Signal
Radio Frequency (RF) Interference
 MULTIPATH

Sometimes the
signals bounce
off things before
they hit the
receivers.
Sources of Signal Interference

Earth’s Atmosphere

Solid Structures

Metal Electro-magnetic Fields

 SATELLITE GEOMETRY
When the satellites are all in the same part
of the sky, readings will be less accurate.

PDOP-Position Dilution of Precision

 CLOCK ERROR
Time of the satellites and receivers must be
synchronized.
GPS satellites use Atomic Clocks.
Most of the GPS receivers do not use Atomic
clock because of expense.
So we get error in time , so error in position.
 RELATIVE ERROR
According to Special Relativity- on-
board atomic clocks on the satellites
should fall behind clocks on the ground
by about 7 microseconds per day
because of the slower ticking rate due
to the time dilation effect of their
relative motion.
Means satellite clock=T-7us
 RELATIVE ERROR Contd.
According to General Relativity-clocks
closer to a massive object will seem to tick
more slowly than those located further away.
A calculation using General Relativity
predicts that the clocks in each GPS satellite
should get ahead of ground-based clocks by
45 microseconds per day.
Means satellite clock=T+45us
On combining both. Time =T+45-7=T+38us.
 RELATIVE ERROR Contd.

38us means error of 11 km per day

To overcome this error , satellite clock is
corrected generally after 2-4 hour.
 APPLICATIONS
Industry
Agriculture
Mapping
Public safety
Surveying
Telecommunication
 APPLICATIONS Contd..
Military
• Intelligence & Target Location
• Navigation
• Weapon Aiming & Guidance
Transportation
• Aviation
• Fleet Tracking
• Marine
WORLD WORK ON NAVIGATION
GPS –by United States
GLONASS -by Russian
GALILEO-by European Union
Compass –by China
IRNSS(Indian Regional Navigation Satellite
System)-by INDIA
Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System
Total satellites 7
First launch 1 July 2013
Last launch 28 April 2016
Orbital height 36,000 km
Precision 10 m (public) 0.1 m
(encrypted)
Coverage -Regional (up to 1,500 km from
borders)
COMPARISION OF ORBITS
 REFERENCES

GPS primer “A Student

Guide”(Aerospace Corporation)
www.trimble.com
An Introduction – Global Positioning
system S. K. Upadhyaya, G. S.
Pettygrove, J.W. Oliveira, B. R. Jahn1
GPS Guide for Beginners(GARMIN
Corporation)