Architecture

Copyright © 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

 Objectives

After completing this lesson, you should be able to:

• Describe the MySQL client/server model
• Describe communication protocols
• Explain how the server supports storage engines
• Explain the basics of how MySQL uses memory and disk
space

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 MySQL Architecture

MySQL client/server model

Database
PHP

mysqld TCP/IP
MySQL Server Process
TCP/IP Socket
Linux
(localhost) TCP/IP
mysql PHP ODBC
Client Client
Process Process

Windows

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 Client Programs

• Connect to the MySQL server to retrieve, modify, add, or

remove data.
• Use these client programs to perform the following actions:
– mysql: Issue queries and view results.
– mysqladmin: Administer the server.
– mysqlcheck: Check the integrity of database tables.
– mysqldump: Create logical backups.
– mysqlimport: Import text data files.
– mysqlshow: Show database, table, and column information.
– mysqlslap: Emulate client load.
• Use MySQL Workbench for database management.

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 Administrative and Utility Programs

• Access data files directly without using a client to connect

to the server.
• Use non-client programs.
– innochecksum: Check an InnoDB tablespace file offline.
– mysqldumpslow: Summarize the slow query log files.
– mysqlbinlog: Display the binary log files.
• Some of the programs have requirements that must be
met prior to running:
– Shut down the server.
– Back up your current tables.
• Review program requirements prior to implementation.

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 MySQL Server

• Is the database server program called mysqld

• Is not the same as a “host”
• Is a single process and is multithreaded
• Manages access to databases on disk and in memory
• Supports simultaneous client connections
• Supports multiple storage engines
• Supports both transactional and nontransactional tables
• Uses memory in the form of:
– Caching
– Buffering

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 Server Process

Application Application Application

Connection layer
mysqld

SQL layer

Storage layer

Disk Memory Network

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 Connection Layer

Application Application Application

Connection layer
• Communication protocols
• Threads
• Authentication
mysqld

SQL layer

Storage layer

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 Communication Protocols

Protocol Types of Connections Supported Operating

Systems
TCP/IP Local, remote All

UNIX socket file Local only UNIX only

Shared memory Local only Windows only

Named pipes Local only Windows only

• Protocols are implemented in the client libraries and

drivers.
• The speed of a connection protocol varies with the local
settings.

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 SQL Layer

Application Application Application

Connection layer

SQL layer
mysqld

• Parser • Query execution

• Authorization • Query cache
• Optimizer • Query logging

Storage layer

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 SQL Statement Processing
SQL layer Start

Check cache Yes No

SELECT? Parse query
query

Optimize
No query
FOUND?

Execute
Yes
query

Update cache
query

Finish

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 Storage Layer

Application Application Application

Connection layer

SQL layer
mysqld

Storage layer
Disk Memory Network
• InnoDB • MEMORY • NDB
• MyISAM

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 Storage Engine: Overview

Storage engines are server components that act as handlers

for different table types.
• Storage engines are used to:
– Store data
– Retrieve data
– Find data through an index
• Two-tier processing
– Upper tier includes SQL parser and optimizer.
– Lower tier consists of a set of storage engines.
• SQL tier is not dependent on the storage engine:
– The engine does not affect SQL processing.
– There are some exceptions.

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 Features Dependent on Storage Engine

• Storage medium
• Transactional capabilities
• Locking
• Backup and recovery
• Optimization
• Special features
– Full-text search
– Referential integrity
– Spatial data handling

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 How MySQL Uses Disk Space
Disk Space
Data Directory
Server Log Files Program
Status Files Executable
Files
InnoDB Log Files
InnoDB System Tablespace

Database Directory
(per database)
Data and Index Files
Program
Format Files (.frm) Log Files
Triggers

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 How MySQL Uses Memory

• Global
– Allocated once
– Shared by the server process and its threads
• Session
– Allocated for each thread
– Dynamically allocated and deallocated
– Used for handling query results
– Buffer sizes per session

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 Memory Structures

Server allocates memory in three different categories:

• Query cache
Server/Shared
• Thread cache

Storage Engine/ • Log buffer

Shared • Buffer pool

• Sort buffer
Connection/
• Read buffer
Session
• Temporary table

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 MySQL Plugin Interface

• Daemon plugins, run by the server

• Plugin API allows loading and unloading of server
components.
– Supports dynamic loading, without restarting server
– Supports full-text parser
– Supports different authentication methods
– Supports storage engines installed as plugins
– Supports INFORMATION_SCHEMA plugins
• Requires the PLUGINS table in the mysql database
• MySQL supports both client and server plugins.

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 Summary

In this lesson, you should have learned how to:

• Describe the MySQL client/server model
• Understand communication protocols
• Understand how the server supports storage engines
• Explain the basics of how MySQL uses memory and disk
space

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 Practice 2-1 Overview:
Quiz
In this quiz, you answer questions about the MySQL
architecture.

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