Direct Analysis Method

• It gives considerations to the following:

1. Effect of initial imperfections and reduced
stiffness
2. All types of deformations of members and
connections that may contribute towards the
displacement of the structure
3. Gravity loads and all other loads that may effect
the stability of the structure are considered
4. Factored loads for LRFD
5. Both second order effects
 Second Order Effects due to Elastic
deformations
• It may b neglected if
1. Gravity Loads act through the columns and
walls only
2. Max. 2nd order drift/ max 1st order drift <=
1.7
3. Gravity Loads supported by moment resisting
frames in the direction of translations <= 1/3
of the total gravity Loads
4. Can be considered for the evaluation of
individual members.
 Effect of Initial Imperfections
• Either by direct modeling
• By application of notional loads
• Allowed to neglect them load combos
involving lateral loads if:
1. Gravity Loads act through the columns and
walls only
2. Max. 2nd order drift/ max 1st order drift <=
1.7
 Notional Loads
• Applied according to the nominal geometry
• Allowed to represent initial imperfections only
if gravity loads are primarily supported by
vertical columns and loads
• Min value
• Can be neglected if:
Max. 2nd order drift/ max 1st order drift <= 1.7
 Stiffness and Effective Length
• Stiffness other than flexural stiffness are reduced
by a factor 0.8 for all the members that can
contribute towrads the lateral stability of the
structure
• Can be applied to all the members to avoid
artificial distortion of the structure.
• Flexural stiffness can be reduced as:
• K=1.0 for all members
• Bracing requirements of all individual memebers
must be satisfied.
 Approximate Second Order Analysis
• Moment amplification Factors B1 & B2 are applied to 1st
order forces to get approximate second order forces.
• Defined drift limits to reduce secondary
bending…stability cant be neglected
• Axial forces must also be amplified
• To maintain the equilibrium…When moments in some
members are magnified in some members..moments
in the connected members need to be magnified as
well…The larger B2 from above or below story is used
to manify beam moments
• Nonlinear…2nd order internal forces from separate
structural analysis cannot be superimposed
Moment Adjustment Coefficient, Cmx Cmy
 First Order Analysis
• Applicable when
1. Gravity Loads act through the columns and walls
only
2. Max. 2nd order drift/ max 1st order drift <= 1.5
can be taken equal to B2 muliplier of Appendix 8
AISC.
3. Required axial strength of all members that
contribute to provide the lateral stability through
the flexural stiffness must satisfy
Alpha*Pr <= 0.5 Py
• All strengths determined by first order analysis
considering flexure, shear and axial member
deformations along with all other
deformations of the structure
• Nominal geometry and nominal elastic
stiffness are considered
 Two Additional Rquirements
• Additional lateral loads at each story level in
all combinations… in the direction that
increases the destabilation of the structure
• The non sway amplification of beam column
moments is done by appying B1 amlifier of
Appendix 8.
 Effcetive Length Method
• Applicable when
1. Gravity Loads act through the columns and
walls only
2. Max. 2nd order drift/ max 1st order drift <=
1.5
for all stories using factored loads

can be taken equal to B2 muliplier of Appendix 8

AISC
 Notional Loads
• Applied according to the nominal geometry
• Allowed to represent initial imperfections only
if gravity loads are primarily supported by
vertical columns and loads
• Min value
• It gives considerations to the following:
1. Effect of initial imperfections and reduced
stiffness
2. All types of deformations of members and
connections that may contribute towards the
displacement of the structure
3. Gravity loads and all other loads that may effect
the stability of the structure are considered
4. Factored loads for LRFD
5. Both second order effects
 Second Order Effects due to Elastic
deformations
• It may b neglected if
1. Gravity Loads act through the columns and
walls only
2. Max. 2nd order drift/ max 1st order drift <=
1.5
3. Gravity Loads supported by moment resisting
frames in the direction of translations <= 1/3
of the total gravity Loads
4. Can be considered for the evaluation of
individual members.
 Design
• Design in this Method is carried out by by using
available strengths employing effective length
calculated as:
1. In braced Frames
K=1.0 for members in compression…stabilbilty does not
depend upon the flexural stiffness of of columns
1. In Moment Frames
Determined using sidesway buckling analysis of structure.
K=1.0 if:
Max. 2nd order drift/ max 1st order drift <= 1.5