CHAPTER I

TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS

Ed Neil O. Maratas
Instructor
 ANGLES

BASIC Terminology terminology

Two distinct points A and B determine a line called line .
Line AB
A B
A line segment is a part of a line that is bounded by two distinct endpoints, and contains every
point on the line between its end points.
® ® segment AB
A B
A ray start at a given point and goes off in a certain direction forever, to infinity.
® ® ray AB
A B
An angle is formed by rotating a ray around its endpoint. The ray in its
initial position is called the initial side of the angle, while the ray in its location after the
rotation on the terminal side of the angle. The endpoint of the ray is the vertex of the
angle.

Terminal side
Vertex ®
Initial side
Degree Measure
The most common unit for measuring angles is the degree. Degree measure was developed by Babylonians, 4000 yr ago.
To use degree measure, we assign 360 degrees to a complete rotation of ray.
Acute angle - an angle less than 90 degrees but more than 0 degrees.

Right angle - An angle whose measure is exactly 90°

Obtuse angle - An angle whose measure is greater than 90° and less than 180°.

Straight angle - An angle whose measure is exactly 180° - a straight line.

Reflex angle - An angle whose measure is greater than 180° and less than 360°.
Full angle - An angle whose measure is exactly 360°. A full circle.

Complimentary angle - are angles whose measures sum to 90°. If the two
complementary angles are adjacent to their non-shared sides form a right angle.
25˚

65˚

Supplementary angle - Either of two angles whose sum is 180°.

40˚ 140˚

Example: find the measure of each angle.

1. (6m)˚
(3m)˚
Solution:
6m + 3m = 90˚
9m = 90˚
m = 10 complimentary angle
 2.

(4k)˚ (6k)˚
Solution:
4k + 3k = 180˚
10k = 180˚
k = 18˚ supplementary angle

STANDARD POSITION OF AN ANGLE

In this position, the vertex of the angle
(B) is on the origin of the x and y axis. One
side of the angle is always fixed along the
positive x-axis - that is, going to the right
along the axis in the 3 o'clock direction
(line BC). This is called the initial side of the
angle.
Initial and terminal side of an angle
this position, the vertex of the angle (B) is
on the origin of the x and y axis. One side of the
angle is always fixed along the positive x-axis -
that is, going to the right along the axis in the 3
o'clock direction (line BC). This is called the initial
side of the angle.

The other side, called the 'terminal

side' is the one that can be anywhere and defines
the angle. In the figure below, drag point A and see
how the position of the terminal side BA defines the
angle.

Quadrantal Angle
Angles in the standard position where the terminal side lies on the x or y axis.
A quadrantal angle is one that is in the standard position and has a measure
that is a multiple
of 90° (or π/2 radians). A quadrantal angle will have its terminal lying along an x or y axis.
COTERMINAL ANGLES
Angles which, drawn in standard position,
share a terminal side. For example, 60°, -300°,
and 780° are all coterminal.
Example:
Find a positive and a negative angle coterminal with a 55°
angle.

55° – 360° = –305°

55° + 360° = 415°

A –305° angle and a 415° angle are coterminal with a 55° angle.

ANGLE RELATIONSHIP AND SIMILAR TRIANGLE

GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES

•Q •R In this figure we extended the sides of angle

NMP to form another angle RMQ. The pair of
angles NMQ and PMR, are formed at the same
time. Vertical angles have the following
N• •P important property.

Vertical angles – have equal measures

Vertical angle
PARALLEL LINES
The lines are parallel if they lie in the same plane, and are the same
distance apart over their entire length and do not intersect.
q
1 2 m
3 4
5 6 Parallel Lines
n
7 8

In the figure above shows parallel lines m and n. When a line q intersects two
parallel lines, q is called transversal. The transversal intersecting the parallel
lines forms eight angles, indicated by number.
We learn in geometry that the degree measures of angles 1
through 8 in the figure above possess some special properties. The following
chart gives the names of these angles and rules about their measure.
 Names Sketch Rule
Alternate interior angles q Angle measure are equal
m
4
5 n

(also 3 and 6)

Alternate exterior angle q Angle measures are equal

m

(also 2 and 7)

interior angles on the same q Angle measures add to 180˚

transversal m

n
(also 3 and 5)

Corresponding angles q Angle measures are equal

m

(also 1 and 5, 3 and 7, 4 and 8)

Example: finding angle measures
Find the measure of each marked angle in this given that m and n are
parallel.
(3x + 2)˚ m
n
(5x - 40)˚

Sol:
The marked angles are alternate exterior angles, which are
equal.
Thus,
3x + 2 = 5x -40
42 = 2X subtract 3x; add 40
21 = x divided by 2.
One angle has measure
3x + 2 = 3 • 21 – 40 = 65˚ substitute 21 for x.
And the other has measure
5x – 40 = 5 • 21 – 40 = 65˚ substitute 21 for x.
TRIANGLES
A triangle is one of the basic shapes of geometry:
a polygon with three corners or vertices and three sides or edges which
are line segments. A triangle with vertices A, B, and C is denoted
• Angle Sum of a Triangle
The sum of the measures of the angles of any triangle is 180˚.

Theorem
If ABC is a triangle then <)ABC + <)BCA + <)CAB = 180 degrees.

Proof
Draw line a through points A and B. Draw line b through point C and parallel
to line a.
Since lines a and b are parallel, <)BAC = <)B'CA and <)ABC = <)BCA'.
It is obvious that <)B'CA + <)ACB + <)BCA' = 180 degrees.
Thus <)ABC + <)BCA + <)CAB = 180 degrees.

Lemma
If ABCD is a quadrilateral and <)CAB = <)DCA then AB and DC are parallel.

Proof
Assume to the contrary that AB and DC are not parallel.
Draw a line trough A and B and draw a line trough D and C.
These lines are not parallel so they cross at one point. Call this point E.
Notice that <)AEC is greater than 0.
Since <)CAB = <)DCA, <)CAE + <)ACE = 180 degrees.
Hence <)AEC + <)CAE + <)ACE is greater than 180 degrees.
Contradiction. This completes the proof.

Definition
Two Triangles ABC and A'B'C' are congruent if and only if
|AB| = |A'B'|, |AC| = |A'C'|, |BC| = |B'C'| and,
<)ABC = <)A'B'C', <)BCA = <)B'C'A', <)CAB = <)C'A'B'.

Example:
Calculate the size of the missing angle in the following triangle
Solution:
Let the missing angle be x.
x+52˚+48˚=180˚
x+100˚=180˚
x+100˚-100˚=180˚-100˚
x=80˚ .: The angle sum of a triangle is 180˚
so the missing angle is 80˚

Types of triangle according to their angles and sides:

Similar Triangle
Two triangles are Similar if the only difference is size (and possibly the need to turn or flip one around).

These triangles are all similar:

(Equal angles have been marked with the same number of arcs)

Some of them have different sizes and some of them have been turned or flipped.
Similar triangles have:

All their angles equal

Corresponding sides have the same ratio

Corresponding Sides
In similar triangles, the sides facing the equal angles are always in the same ratio.

For example:

Triangles R and S are similar. The equal angles are marked with the same numbers of arcs.

What are the corresponding lengths?

The lengths 7 and a are corresponding (they face the angle marked with one arc)
The lengths 8 and 6.4 are corresponding (they face the angle marked with two arcs)
The lengths 6 and b are corresponding (they face the angle marked with three arcs
Calculating the Lengths of Corresponding Sides

It may be possible to calculate lengths we don't know yet. We need to:

Step 1: Find the ratio of corresponding sides in pairs of similar triangles.

Step 2: Use that ratio to find the unknown lengths.

Example: Find lengths a and b of Triangle S above.

Step 1: Find the ratio
We know all the sides in Triangle R, and
We know the side 6.4 in Triangle S
The 6.4 faces the angle marked with two arcs as does the side of length 8 in triangle R.

So we can match 6.4 with 8, and so the ratio of sides in triangle S to triangle R is:
6.4 to 8
Now we know that the lengths of sides in triangle S are all 6.4/8 times the lengths of sides in triangle R.
Step 2: Use the ratio
a faces the angle with one arc as does the side of length 7 in triangle R.
a = (6.4/8) × 7 = 5.6

b faces the angle with three arcs as does the side of length 6 in triangle R.
b = (6.4/8) × 6 = 4.8

Done!
Finding an angle measure in similar triangle
The sides of two similar triangles do not have to be equal. However there is an important
relationship among the sides of similar triangles: corresponding sides of similar triangles are in proportion.
We illustrate these facts using the diagram below where we show two similar triangles ABC and QPR.

This relationship between these two triangles can be written as ∆ABC~∆QPR . Using this notation, we are
saying that

These angles correspond to each other, and the naming of the triangles should put the angles A, B, and C in
the same order as angles Q, P, and R. We can identify the corresponding sides in the same manner:
• a corresponds to q, b corresponds to p, and c corresponds to r.
That the sides are in proportion gives us the following equation:
Equivalently, we could express these proportions using their reciprocals: br />

Example:

Suppose ∆ABC˜∆XYZ . What is an equation that shows the proportionality of the corresponding sides?
Written in this order, we know that side a corresponds to x, side b corresponds to y and side c corresponds to side z. This gives us

If ∆ABC~∆QPR and we know also that ,what are the measures of angles Q, P, and R?
We use the correspondence of angles A, B, and C to angles Q, P, and R respectively. The corresponding angles of similar triangles have the
same measure.
Since these angles must have a sum of 180˚,

Angle R has a measure of 53˚.

Finding side length in similar triangle

32 E
16 8 F

A 24 B D
Given the ∆ABC and ∆DFE are similar, find the lengths of the unknown sides of ∆DFE.
Solution:
As mentioned before, similar triangles have corresponding sides in proportion. Use this fact to find the unknown side
lengths in ∆DFE. Side DF of triangle DFE corresponds to side AB of ∆ABC, and sides DE and AC correspond. This leads to the proportion
8/16 = DF/24
Recall the cross-multiplication property of proportion from algebra.
If a/b = c/d, then ad=bc.
We use this property to solve the equation for DF.
8/16 = DF/24
8.24 = 16.DF cross multiply
192 = 16. DF multiply
12 = DF divide by 16.
Side DF has length 12.
Side EF corresponds to CB. This leads to another proportion.
8/16 = EF/32
8.32 = 16. EF cross multiply
16 = EF solve for EF

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION

Trigonometric functions (also called the circular functions) are functions of an angle. They are used to relate the angles of
a triangle to the lengths of the sides of a triangle.

The most familiar trigonometric functions are the sine, cosine, and tangent. In the context of the standard unit circle with
radius
Where a triangle is formed by a ray originating at the origin and making some
angle with the x-axis, the sine of the angle gives the length of the y-component
(rise) of the triangle, the cosine gives the length of the x-component (run), and
the tangent function gives the slope (y-component divided by the x-component).
More precise definitions are detailed below. Trigonometric functions are
commonly defined as ratios of two sides of a right triangle containing the angle,
and can equivalently be defined as the lengths of various line segments from a
unit circle.
The trigonometric functions are summarized in the following table and
described in more detail below. The angle θ is the angle between the hypotenuse
and the adjacent line – the angle at A in the accompanying diagram.

Right-angled triangle definitions

The notion that there should be some standard correspondence between
the lengths of the sides of a triangle and the angles of the triangle comes as soon
as one recognizes that similar triangles maintain the same ratios between their
sides.
To define the trigonometric functions for the angle A, start with any right triangle
that contains the angle A. The three sides of the triangle are named as follows:
The hypotenuse is the side opposite the right angle, in this case side h. The
hypotenuse is always the longest side of a right-angled triangle.
The opposite side is the side opposite to the angle we are interested in (angle A),
in this case side a.
The adjacent side is the side having both the angles of interest (angle A and right-
angle C), in this case side b.
In ordinary Euclidean geometry, according to the triangle postulate, the inside
angles of every triangle total 180° (π radians). Therefore, in a right-angled triangle,
the two non-right angles total 90° (π/2 radians), so each of these angles must be
in the range of (0°,90°) as expressed in interval notation. The following definitions
apply to angles in this 0° – 90° range. They can be extended to the full set of real
arguments by using the unit circle, or by requiring certain symmetries and that
they be periodic functions. For example, the figure shows sin θ for
angles θ, π − θ, π + θ, and 2π − θ depicted on the unit circle (top) and as a graph
(bottom). The value of the sine repeats itself apart from sign in all four quadrants,
and if the range of θ is extended to additional rotations, this behavior repeats
periodically with a period 2π.

(Top): Trigonometric function sinθ for

selected angles θ, π − θ, π + θ, and 2π − θ
in the four quadrants. (Bottom) Graph of
sine function versus angle. Angles from
the top panel are identified.
The trigonometric functions are summarized in the following table and described in
more detail below. The angle θ is the angle between the hypotenuse and the adjacent
line – the angle at A in the accompanying diagram.

Function abbreviation description Identities (using radian)

Sine Sin opposite / hypotenuse

Cosine Cos adjacent / hypotenuse

Tangent Tan opposite / adjacent

Cotangent cot adjacent / opposite

Secant sec hypotenuse / adjacent

cosecant csc hypotenuse / opposite

Sine, cosine and tangent

The sine of an angle is the ratio of the length of the opposite side to the length of the
hypotenuse. (The word comes from the Latin sinus for gulf or bay, since, given a unit
circle, it is the side of the triangle on which the angle opens.) In our case
 Note that this ratio does not depend on size of the particular right triangle
chosen, as long as it contains the angle A, since all such triangles are similar.

The cosine of an angle is the ratio of the length of the adjacent side to the length
of the hypotenuse: so called because it is the sine of the complementary or co-
angle. In our case

The tangent of an angle is the ratio of the length of the opposite side to the length
of the adjacent side: so called because it can be represented as a line segment
tangent to the circle, that is the line that touches the circle, from Latin linea
tangens or touching line (cf. tangere, to touch). In our case
Finding function values of an angle

Example 1: Find the six trigonometric functions of an angle α that is in standard

position and whose terminal side passes through the point (−5, 12).

Example 2: If sin θ = 1/3, what is the value of the other five trigonometric functions if
cos θ is negative?
Because sin θ is positive and cos θ is negative,
θ must be in the second quadrant. From the
Pythagorean theorem,

and then it follows that

Example 3: What is the exact sine, cosine, and tangent of 330°?

Because 330° is in the fourth quadrant, sin 330° and tan 330° are negative and cos
330° is positive. The reference angle is 30°. Using the 30° − 60° − 90° triangle
relationship, the ratios of the three sides are 1, 2,

Therefore,
 Using the Definitions of the Trigonometric Functions

Reciprocal Trigonometric Identities

Recall the definition of a reciprocal of nonzero number x is 1/x.
Reciprocal trigonometric identities involve the relation between the core six
trigonometric functions: sine, cosine, tangent, secant, cosecant, and the cotangent.
These identities express each function via a formula that makes it equal to one over
another trig function.

The six identities are:

Thus, the reciprocal identities can simplify equations that involve multiple
trigonometric functions into ones consisting of only one function type. For example,
the
expression can be converted into a much simpler formula. Since ,,
we can rewrite the expression as which can be further simplified to
 This can in turn be further reduced to via the rules governing the
addition of fractions.
We could have also alternatively used the identity and obtained a result
in terms of the cosecant, which would be .
 Signs and Ranges of Function Values
In t finitions f trigonometric functions, r is the distance rom the origin to the point (x,y). Distance is never negative, so r>0. If we
choose a point (x,y) in quadrant I, then both x and y will be positive, and the values of all six functions will be positive.
Point (x,y) in quadrant II has x<0 and y>0. This makes the values of sine and cosecant positive for quadrant II angles, while the other
four functions take on negative values. Similar results can be obtained for the other quadrants as summarized here.
Signs of function values:

Θ in SinΘ CosΘ tanΘ cotΘ secΘ cscΘ

quadrant
I + + + + + +
II + - - - - +
III - - + + - -
IV - + - - + -

x<0, y>0, r>0 x>0, y>0, r>0

II I
Sine and cosecant all functions positive
Positive

x<0, y<0, r>0 x>0, y<0, r>0

III IV
Tangent and cotangent cosine and secant
Positive positive
 Ranges of Trigonometric Functions

For any angle Θ for which the indicated functions exist:

-1 ≤ sin Θ ≤ 1 and -1 ≤ cos Θ ≤ 1;
Tan Θ and cot Θ can equal any real number;
Sec Θ ≤ -1 or sec Θ ≥ 1 and csc Θ ≤ -1 or csc Θ ≥ 1.
(note that sec Θ and csc Θ are never between 1 and -1.)
Thank you!