Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Physiology
Prof.Dr.H.Gusbakti, MSc,PKK.AIFM
gusbakti2009
Topics to Cover
• Basic Definitions
• Physiologic Responses to Exercise
• Maximal Aerobic Capacity and
Exercise Testing
• Energy Systems
• Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types
• Terms and Concepts Associated
with Exercise
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Pulmonary Ventilation
• Minute ventilation or VE (L/min) = Tidal
volume (L/breathing) X Breathing rate
(Breaths/min)
• Measure of volume of air passing
through pulmonary system:air
expired/minute
Rest 10 - 14 10 – 20
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Relation Between
Breathing and Ventilation
VO2 (ml/kg/min)
3.0 60
50 150
VE (L/min)
2.5 50
40 40 100
2.0
30
30 1.5 50
20
20 1.0 10 0
80 100 120 140 160 180 80 100 120 140 160 180
Heart Rate Heart Rate
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Stroke Volume (SV)
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Cardiac Output (CO)
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Relation Between SV and CO
Cardiac Output = SV x HR
Rest: ~ 5.0 L/min
Maximal Exercise: up to 30 L/min
160 40
200
35
170 140
30
140 120 25
20
110 100 15
80 80 10
5
50 60 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
% of Maximal Oxygen Uptake
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Maximal Aerobic Power
(VO2 max)
• Also known as oxygen consumption, oxygen
uptake, and cardiorespiratory fitness.
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Assessing VO2
• Direct Measure: Rearrange Fick Equation: VO2 =
CO X (a - vO2)
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Importance of VO2 max
• An index of maximal cardiovascular and
pulmonary function.
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Determinants of VO2max
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Common Criteria Used to
Document VO2 max
• Primary Criteria
< 2.1 ml/kg/min increase with 2.5% grade
increase often seen as a plateau in VO2
• Secondary Criteria
Blood lactate ≥ 8 mmol/L
RER ≥ 1.10
in HR to 90% of age predicted
RPE ≥ 17
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Aging, Training, and VO2max
70 Athletes
60 Moderately Active
VO2max (ml/kg/min)
Sedentary
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 30 40 50 60 70
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Age (yr)
Gender, Age and VO2max
4.0 Men
VO2max (L/min)
3.5 Women
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
10 20 30 40 50 60
Age (Years)
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Effect of Bed rest on VO2max
0
% Decline in VO2max
%Decline in VO2max
1.4 - 0.85 X Days; r = - 0.73
-10
-20
-30
-40
0 10 20 30 40
Days of Bedrest
Data from VA Convertino MSSE 1997
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VO2max Classification
for Men (ml/kg/min)
Age (yrs) Low Fair Average Good High
20 - 29 <25 25 - 33 34 - 42 43 - 52 53+
30 - 39 <23 23 - 30 31 - 38 39 - 48 49+
40 - 49 <20 20 - 26 27 - 35 36 - 44 45+
50 - 59 <18 18 - 24 25 - 33 34 - 42 43+
60 - 69 <16 16 - 22 23 - 30 31 - 40 41+
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VO2max Classification for
Women (ml/kg/min)
Age (yrs) Low Fair Average Good High
20 - 29 <24 24 - 30 31 - 37 38 - 48 49+
30 - 39 <20 20 - 27 28 - 33 34 - 44 45+
40 - 49 <17 17 - 23 24 - 30 31 - 41 42+
50 - 59 <15 15 - 20 21 - 27 28 - 37 38+
60 - 69 <13 13 - 17 18 - 23 24 - 34 35+
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Respiratory Exchange
Ratio/Quotient
• Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER): ratio of CO2 expired/O2
consumed
Measured by gases exchanged at the mouth.
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Estimating Maximal
Heart Rate
• OLD FORMULA: 220 – age
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Maximal Values Achieved
During Various Exercise Tests
Types of Exercise % of VO2max
Uphill Running 100%
Horizontal Running 95 - 98%
Upright Cycling 93 - 96%
Supine Cycling 82 - 85%
Arm Cranking 65 - 70%
Arms and Legs 100 - 104%
Step Test 97%
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Energy Systems
for Exercise
Mole of Time to
Energy Systems
ATP/min Fatigue
Immediate: Phosphagen 4 5 to 10 sec
(Phosphocreatine and ATP)
Short Term: Glycolytic
2.5 1.0 to 1.6 min
(Glycogen-Lactic Acid)
Unlimited
Long Term: Aerobic 1
time
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Anaerobic vs. Aerobic
Energy Systems
• Anaerobic
ATP-CP : ≤ 10 sec.
Glycolysis: A few minutes
• Aerobic
Krebs cycle 2 minutes +
Electron Transport Chain
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Energy Systems
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Energy Transfer Systems and Exercise
100%
Anaerobic
% Capacity of Energy System
Glycolysis
Aerobic
Energy
System
ATP - CP
• Fast-Twitch
Type IIa
Type IId(x)
• Slow-Twitch
Type I
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Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types
• Characterized by differences in morphology,
histochemistry, enzyme activity, surface
characteristics, and functional capacity.
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Skeletal Muscle
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Characteristics of Human
Muscle Fiber Types
Other Terminology Slow Twitch Fast Twitch
Type Ia Type lla Type lld(x)
Aerobic Capacity HIGH MED/HIGH MED
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Rating of Perceived
Exertion: RPE/Borg Scale
6
7 Very, very light
8
9
Very light
10
11
Fairly light Lactate Threshold
12
13
Somewhat hard
14
2.0 mM Lactate
15
16 Hard 2.5 mM Lactate
17
Very hard 4.0 mM Lactate
18
19 Very, very hard gusbakti2009
Approaches to Determining
Training Heart Rate
• 60 to 90% of Maximal HR
Max HR = 180
60% = 108 and 90% = 162
• 50 to 85% of Heart Rate Reserve
Max HR = 180 and Resting HR = 70
HRR = 180 - 70 = 110
50% = 70 + 65 = 135; 85% = 94 + 70 = 164
• Plot HR vs. O2 Uptake or Exercise Intensity
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Heart Rate and VO2max
100
% of Maximal Heart Rate
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
0 20 40 60 80 100
% of VO2max
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Energy Expenditure
• MET: Energy cost as a multiple of resting
metabolic rate
1 MET = energy cost at rest ~3.5 ml of O2/kg/min
3 MET = 10.5 ml of O2 /kg/min
6 MET = 21.0 ml of O2 /kg/min
• 1 L/min of O2 is ~ 5 kcal/L
VO2 (L/min) ~ 5 kcal/L = kcal/min
• 1 MET = 0.0175 kcal/kg/min
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Lactate/Lactic Acid
• A product of glycolysis formed from reduction of
pyruvate in recycling of NAD or when insufficient
O2 is available for pyruvate to enter the TCA
cycle.
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Lactate Threshold
• Intensity of exercise at which blood lactate
concentration is 1 mM above baseline.
• Expressed as a function of VO2max, i.e.,
65% of VO2max.
• Expressed as a function of velocity or
power output, i.e., 150 W or 7.5 mph.
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Lactate Threshold
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Blood Lactate as a
Blood Lactate (mM)
Function of Training
25 50 75 100
Percent of VO2max
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Ventilatory Threshold
• Describes the point at which pulmonary
ventilation increases disproportionately
with oxygen consumption during graded
exercise.
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Ventilatory Threshold
By V Slope Method
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Ventilatory Threshold
200
By Minute Ventilation Method
VE (L/min)
150
100
50
0
80 100 120 140 160 180
Heart Rate
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Exercise Intensity Domains
• Moderate Exercise
All work rates below LT
• Heavy Exercise:
Lower boundary: Work rate at LT
Upper boundary: highest work rate at which
blood lactate can be stabilized (Maximum
lactate steady state)
• Severe Exercise:
Neither O2 or lactate can be stabilized
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Oxygen Uptake and
Exercise Domains
INCREMENTAL CONSTANT LOAD
TLac Wa Severe
4 4
VO2 (L/min)
Heavy
2 Severe 2 Moderate
Heavy
Moderate
0 150 300 0 12 24
Work Rate (Watts) Time (minutes)
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Lactate and Exercise
Domains
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Oxygen Deficit and Debt/EPOC
• O2 Deficit = difference between total O2 used
during exercise and total that would have
been used if steady state had been achieved
immediately
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EPOC or Recovery VO2
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Questions???
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