# Title

1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 WHAT IS QR CODE?

1.2 HOW DOES QR CODE WORK?

2 BACKGROUND OF QR CODE DEVELOPMENT
3 QR CODE STRUCTURE
4 QR CODE SPECIFICATION
5 CHARACTERISTICS OF QR CODE

6 WORKING OF QR CODE
7 QR CODE APPLICATIONS

8 SIGNIFICANCE OF QR CODE
9 DOWNSIDES OF QR CODE
10 FUTURE SCOPE

11 CONCLUSION
What is QR Code?

 QR Code is a matrix code

(or two-dimensional bar code)
created by Japanese
corporation Denso-Wave in
1994.
 The "QR" is derived from
"Quick Response", as the
creator intended the code to
allow its contents to be
decoded at high speed.
 How Does It Work?

 Data is translated into QR Code by QR Generator.

 QR Code is scanned by mobile camera phone having QR
Reader Software.
 Software interprets the code.
 cell phone displays the text or ask for permission to launch a
browser to display the specified web page.
 In 1970,IBM developed UPC symbol consisting of 12 digits of no:

 The Universal Product Code (UPC) is a linear barcode that is widely

used for tracking trade items in stores.
 In 1974,Code 39 which can encode approx 30 digits of alphanumeric
characters was developed
 Later it led to the development of Code 128,which can encode full ASCII
 In early 1980s,Multistage symbols were developed, it can encode 100 digits
of characters. Egs are Code 16K and code 49.
 In 1994,Multirow symbols were developed by extending multistage
symbols and into matrix symbols where data were arranged in matrix.
 This matrix code is QR Code, contains 7000 digits of characters at max
including Kanji characters.
The history of symbols
The development of the symbols
development of QR Code
 QR Code is a matrix type symbol with a cell structure arranged in a square.
 It consists of four functionality patterns.

 a) FINDER PATTERN:
i) for detecting position, size and angle of QR Code
ii) arranged at 3 corners
 b) ALIGNMENT PATTERN
i) for correcting distortion of QR Code
ii) central coordinate of alignment pattern is identified to correct
the distortion
iii) black isolated cell placed in this pattern makes it easier to
detect central coordinate of the pattern
 c) TIMING PATTERN

i) for identifying central coordinate of each cell.

ii) It is black and white patterns arranged alternately.
iii) for correcting central coordinate of data cell when
it is distorted

 D) QUIET ZONE
i) Margin space is needed for reading QR Code
ii) Makes it easier to detect the symbol from the
image captured by the camera.
iii) Four or more cells necessary for this zone.
 E) DATA AREA
i) Data is stored here.
ii) Data is encoded into binary no's 0s and 1s.
iii) Binary no 0 and 1 will be converted into black and
white cells and then will be arranged.
iv) Has Reed-Solomon codes incorporated for the stored
data and the error correction functionality.
 a) All-Direction (360°) High-Speed Reading

 Finder pattern is arranged in 3 corner

 The Ratio b/w black & white among scan line that runs the finder
pattern is always 1:1:3:1:1,when seen from any direction among
3600 surrounding it.
 By detecting this specific ratio, finder pattern can be detected from
image captured by CCD sensor.

Finder Patterns Identifying a QR Code

 b) Resistant to Distorted Symbols

How Does a Symbol Get Distorted?

 When it is attached to curved surface or reader being tilted.
To correct this distortion,
 QR Code has alignment pattern arranged in regular interval in symbol
 The variance b/w centre position of the alignment pattern estimated
from outer shape of symbol & actual centre position of alignment
pattern will be calculated to have mappings corrected.
 This makes it readable.

Correcting Distorted Symbols

c) Data Restoration Functionality (Resistant to Smudged or Damaged Symbols)

 QR Code has 4 error correction levels (L,M,Q,H).

 Error correction is done by utilizing Reed Solomon code which is highly
resistant to burst errors
 Reed-Solomon Code are arranged in the QR Code data area.
 So by this functionality, even the damaged symbol can be read up to the error
error correction level which is configured by the one that creates the symbol.

Smudged/Damaged Symbols
d) Linking Functionality of the Symbols
 Single symbol can be represented in several symbols by diving it.
 Each divided symbol will have an indicator showing the no: of symbols
to which the original symbol is divided into and in which order the
specific symbol would be among all divided ones.
Advantages of linking function:
Entire data can be edited & submitted to computer regardless of what order
the symbols have been read by the reader.
 If the printing space is not enough for single symbol, it can be divided into
several small symbols and printed on that space
 Different kinds of QR codes are: Offline Codes & Online Codes.
Kaywa has three sorts of online QR Codes: Short Code, URL, and Short
Code URL.
 Generating Codes: can be generated online.
For commercial use: http://apc.qrcode.kaywa.com
For free use: http://qrcode.kaywa.com
Reading Codes
The information encoded in a QR-Code can be accessed by scanning the code
with a camera phone, using scanning software such as Kaywa Reader.
 Alternatively, you can type the Short Code in your Kaywa Reader or send
QR followed by the Short Code to a dedicated SMS number.
 System

B) System
 Northwest Airlines Japan

People who took a photo of the code on

their mobile phone were taken directly to
NWA’s website that was purpose-built for the
QR Code campaign.
 QR codes were chosen as the marketing
tool and were delivered across a range of
outdoor media in Tokyo.
QR Code Application in a Jewellery Shop in France

System Outline
Each jewel has a unique ID number to
prevent theft and resale and is managed with
QR code.
QR Code system is also used to create a
book with sales and stock records.
Merit of Using QR Code
 A small-sized QR Code has implemented
the numbering of small articles like
jewellery.
Significantly reduced manual handling to
manage individual numbers
 Rough Guide Travel Book

“Earthbound: A Rough Guide to the World in Pictures” is a coffee-table book

with more than 250 photos from all over the world

 A QR code is printed next to each image and offers a link to the location of
what’s pictured in the photo, using Google Maps online.

 Once the codes are scanned, readers are rewarded with a Google map of the
spot where the photo was taken

 From there they can look at a satellite image and bookmark locations so
that, should they ever go to the region, the mobile device can provide
directions to that location.
Film Industry

QR codes played heavily into

the promotion of both the Tim
Burton-produced film “9” and
the Tri Star Release District 9.

Consumers who have QR

code readers on their mobile
devices were able to scan the
code for exclusive clips from
the movies, commentary from
the director and links to the
films’ websites
Music

For the band’s new album, “21st Century

Breakdown,” Green Day employed QR codes in
magazine ads, posters, stickers and more.

The QR code directs users to a special mobile

site that enables the downloading of exclusive
images and videos.
The idea of linking spaces to information is not new, but QR codes
combine simple creation with easy access to QR code readers .
The several applications itself show its significances…

Not everyone is aware of QR codes. As a result, not everyone who

sees one will know to pull out a cell phone and take a picture of the
matrix .
 a QR code might direct users to a website that does not display
properly on a cell phone.
Welcome to the advertising of the future

This is an exciting and thrilling new way to share content digitally. QR

stands for Quick Ready, and that’s exactly what it does .
 These codes can be printed on anything, so you could use them on
business cards with your contact information.
 QR codes are also handy for various branding purposes. They can be
used to direct mobile phone users to special websites to download brand
ads, ring tones, character logos, viral videos, branded flash games and
more .
 Retailers print them on receipts. Event producers employ them to
provide exhibit information. Doctor's offices and beauty salons use them to
let people make appointments over their mobile phones.
 In other words, they're a great tool for marketers!
 Google’s URL shortener will now create a QR code for you
automatically. Just add a .qr to the end of your Google shortened URL and
you’ll get a QR code you can embed, save or print and use anywhere.
QR codes can store quite complex information in a small matrix. As
awareness grows about how useful they are, we can expect to see them in more
public venues.
 Commercial packaging will display codes with detailed nutritional
information or links to websites where users can play the latest product-
associated game or register for updates or coupons.
In academic uses, QR codes on student tests could help ensure anonymity in
grading.
Posted next to artwork or in musical or theatrical programs, QR codes might
lead students to open forums where they could join in community discussions
about what they’ve heard or seen.
In scientific endeavors, QR codes could take the place of printed labels; at-
tached to lab work, samples, or medication options, they could preserve
confidentiality of participant names.
QR Codes may presage other applications that use mobile devices to decode