ENGINE CONSTRUCTION AND

CLASSIFICATION
ENGINE PARTS
 Cylinder block
 Cylinder head

 Crank case

 Piston

 Piston rings

 Gudgeon pin

 Intake and exhaust valve

 Camshaft

 Crankshaft

 Timing gears
CYLINDER BLOCK
 Cast iron
 Aluminum alloy

Water jacket
CYLINDER BLOCK
LINER
 Cast steel
 Cast iron

 Press fit
CYLINDER HEAD
 Aluminum alloy
 Cast iron

 (combustion chamber)hemisphere
CYLINDER HEAD
VALVE OR TAPPET CLEARANCE

Spring retainer
CRANK CASE
 Cast iron
 Cast steel
CRANK CASE
CRANK CASE
PISTON
 Aluminum alloy
 Cast iron

 Gudgeon pin
 Forged steel
 Case hardened steel
PISTON RINGS
 Cast iron
 Pressed steel alloy

 Compression ring

 Oil ring
CRANK SHAFT
 Forged steel
 Cast steel
CAM SHAFT
 Forged steel
 Cast iron and cast steel

 Push rod
• Forged steel
• High speed (X)
CAMSHAFT
SOHC AND DOHC
 Forged steel
 Cast iron and cast steel
CONNECTING ROD
 Forged steel
 Aluminum alloy
CONTD.
VALVES
 Forged steel
 Cast alloy

 Opening Camshaft

 Closing spring
DESMODROMIC VALVE OPERATION
 Used by Ducati
GEAR TIMING
 Timing belt drive
 Timing gear drive

 Timing chain drive

BELT TIMING
FLYWHEEL
 Cast iron
ENGINE CLASSIFICATION

 No of strokes per cycle(Two  No of cylinders

or Four)
 Arrangement of cylinders
 Type of fuel burned
 Arrangement of valves and
 Method of ignition
valve trains
 Firing order
 Type of cooling
 Reciprocating or rotary
POSITION ARRANGEMENT & NUMBER OF
CYLINDERS

 Single Cylinder

 Inline Cylinders

 V Engine

 Opposed Cylinder Engine

‰

 W Engine
‰

 Opposed Piston Engine

‰

 Radial Engine
‰
ARRANGEMENT OF CYLINDERS
 ARRANGEMENT OF CYLINDERS
Single cylinder:
Engine has one cylinder and piston connected to the crankshaft.

In-Line:
‰
Cylinders are positioned in a straight line, one behind the other
along the length of the crankshaft. Number of cylinders may vary
from 2 to 11 or even more. In-line four-cylinder engines are very
common for automobiles. In-line engines are also referred to as
straight such as straight six or straight eight

.
ARRANGEMENT OF CYLINDERS
V Engine:
Two banks of cylinders at an angle with each other along a single crankshaft.
The angle between the banks of cylinders is usually within 60-90. V engines
have even numbers of cylinders ranging from 2 to 20 or more. V6 and V8
are the common engines with six and eight cylinders respectively.

Opposed Cylinder Engine:

Two banks of cylinders opposite to each other on a single crankshaft. These
are mostly used in small aircraft and some automobiles with an even number
of cylinders from two to eight or more. These engines are also called flat
engines such as flat four.
Boxer engine
 ARRANGEMENT OF CYLINDERS
W Engine:
Similar to that of V engine except with three banks of cylinders on the
same crankshaft. This type of arrangement has been used in some
racing cars.

Opposed Piston Engine:

Two pistons in each cylinder with the combustion chamber located
centrally between the pistons. A single-combustion process causes
two power strokes at the same time, with each piston being pushed
away from the center and delivering power to a separate crankshaft at
each end of the cylinder Engine output is either on two rotating
crankshafts or on one crankshaft incorporating a complex mechanic
linkage.
 ARRANGEMENT OF CYLINDERS
Radial Engine:
Engine with pistons positioned in a circular plane around the central
crankshaft. The connecting rods of the pistons are connected to the
crankshaft through a master rod. A bank of cylinders on a radial
engine always has an odd number of cylinders ranging from 3 to 13
or more Many medium-and large-size propeller-driven aircraft use
radial engines. For large aircraft, two or more banks of cylinders are
mounted together, one behind the other on a single crankshaft,
making a powerful and smooth engine.
THREE CYLINDER ENGINE
FOUR CYLINDER ENGINE(INLINE)
FOUR CYLINDER ENGINE(V TYPE)
FOUR CYLINDER ENGINE(OPPOSED)

• Balancing
• Less inertia
• Subaru
• Aerodynami
c drag
FIVE CYLINDER ENGINE(INLINE)
SIX CYLINDER ENGINE
8 CYLINDER ENGINE(V TYPE)
W TYPE
RADIAL TYPE
ROTARY(WANKEL TYPE)
ROTARY(WANKEL TYPE)
Mazda RX7 and RX8 Rotary engnie
VALVE LOCATIONS

 Valves in head (overhead valve), also called I-head

‰

engine

Valves in block (flat head), also called L-head engine.

Some historic engines with valves in block had the intake
valve on one side of the
cylinder, and the exhaust valve on the other side. These
were called T-head engines.
‰
One valve in head (usually intake) and one in
block, also called F-head engine.
VALVE LOCATIONS
VALVE TRAINS

Times the opening and closing of the cylinder valves

Ensures opening and closing is kept in sync
TYPES OF VALVE TRAINS
TYPE OF COOLING

Air Cooled‰
Liquid Cooled/Water Cooled
NO OF STROKES

‰
Four Stroke Cycle Experiences 4 strokes
of the Piston movements over 2 revolutions
of the crankshaft
‰
Two Stroke Cycle Experiences 2 strokes
of the Piston movements over 1 revolution
of the crankshaft
FUEL USED

Using volatile fuels like gasoline, alcohol, kerosene ‰

Using gaseous fuels like natural gas, biogas
‰
Using viscous fuels like diesel
‰
Using dual fuel
methanol (suction stroke) + diesel (comp. stroke) –CI
Engine
–gasoline + alcohol (gasohol)
METHOD OF IGNITION

Spark Ignition:
An SI engine starts the combustion process in each cycle
by use of a spark plug. In early engine development,
before the invention of the electric spark plug, many forms
of torch of torch holes were used to
initiate combustion form an external flame.
‰
Compression Ignition:
The combustion process in a CI engine starts when the
air-fuel mixture self-ignites due to high temperature in
the combustion chamber caused by high compression
 .
FIRING ORDER

Firing order 1 3 4 2