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• Phantoms
• Depth Dose Distribution
• Percentage Depth Dose
• Tissue-Air Ratio
• Scatter-Air Ratio
Phantoms
• Water phantom: closely approximates
the radiation absorption and scattering
properties of muscle and other soft
tissues; universally available with
reproducible
PHANTOMS
• Basic dose distribution data are usually
measured in a water phantom, which
closely approximates the radiation
absorption and scattering properties of
muscle and other soft tissue
• Another reason for the choice of water as
a phantom material is that it is
universally available with reproducible
radiation properties.
PHANTOMS
• Solid dry phantoms
– tissue or water equivalent, it must have the
same
• effective atomic number
• number of electrons per gram
• mass density
– For megavoltage photon beams in the clinical range,
the necessary condition for water equivalence
• same electron density (number of electrons per
cubic centimeter)
Compton effect is the
main interaction
Solid dry phantoms
Solid dry (Slab) phantoms
Alderson Rando Phantom
• anthropomorphic
phantom
– Frequently used for
clinical dosimetry
– Incorporates materials
to simulate various
body tissues, muscle,
bone, lung, and air
cavities
RANDO phantom
CT slice
through lung
Head with
TLD holes
Depth Dose Distribution
d0
D d0
d
Dd
phantom
PERCENTAGE DEPTH DOSE
• For orthovoltage (up to
about 400 kVp) and
lower-energy x-rays, the
reference depth is usually
the surface (do = 0).
• For higher energies, the
reference depth is taken
at the position of the peak
absorbed dose (do = dm).
Percentage Depth Dose
• For higher energies, the reference depth is at the
peak absorbed dose ( d 0= d m)
• D max : maximum dose, the dose maximum, the
given dose
collimator
Dd
P 100 surface
Dmax
dm
D max
Dd d
Dmax 100 Dd
P phantom
Percentage Depth Dose
– Geometrical
– Dosimetrical or
FS
physical
Percentage Depth Dose
(b)Effect of field size and shape
• As the field size is increased, the contribution of
the scattered radiation to the absorbed dose
increases
• This increase in scattered dose is greater at larger
depths than at the depth of D max , the percent
depth dose increases with increasing field size
Scatter dose
Dd
P 100 Dmax
Dmax
Dd
Percentage Depth Dose
(b)Effect of field size and shape
• Depends on beam quality
• The scattering probability or cross-section
decreases with energy increase and the higher-
energy photons are scattered more predominantly
in the forward direction, the field size dependence
of PDD is less pronounced for the higher-energy
than for the lower-energy beams
Percentage Depth Dose
(b)Effect of field size and shape
• PDD data for radiotherapy beams are usually
tabulated for square fields
• In clinical practice require rectangular and
irregularly shaped fields
• A system of equating square fields to different
field shapes is required: equivalent square
• Quick calculation of the equivalent
rectangular field
c
A
B c square field
AxB
c=2x
A+B
Percentage Depth Dose
(b)Effect of field size and shape
• Quick calculation of the equivalent field
parameters: for rectangular fields
A ab
P 2(a b)
A a
• For square fields, since a = b,
P 4
• the side of an equivalent square of a rectangular
field is A
4
P 4
A
a P
b 4
A
P
Percentage Depth Dose(3)--(b)Effect of
field size and shape
A
4 r
a P
b 4
A
P
Percentage Depth Dose
(c) dependence on SSD
SSD
dm dm
d d
Percentage Depth Dose
(c) dependence on SSD
Dd
P 100
Dmax
F1+dm
F2+dm
F1+d F2+d
Fig. 9.5 Plot of relative dose rate as inverse square law function
of distance from a point source. Reference distance = 80 cm
f1 f2
r
dm
r
d
dm
d
2
f1 d m ( d d m )
P(d , r , f1 ) 100 .e .K s
f 1 d 2
f 2 d m ( d dm )
P(d , r , f 2 ) 100 .e .K s
f2 d
2 2
P(d , r , f 2 ) f 2 d m f1 d
P ( d , r , f1 ) f1 d m f2 d
f1 f2
r
dm
r
d
dm
d
d rd rd
Dd D fs
Tissue-Air ratio
( a ) Effect of Distance
• Independent of the distance from the source
• The TAR represents modification of the dose at a
point owing only to attenuation and scattering of
the beam in the phantom compared with the dose
at the same point in the miniphantom ( or
equilibrium phantom ) placed in free air
Tissue-Air ratio
( b ) Variation with energy, depth, and field size
P ( d , r , f 2 ) P d ,
r
, f1
BSF r / F F
F BSF ( r )
Tissue-Air ratio
( d ) calculation of dose in rotation therapy
d=16.6
Scatter-Air Ratio(SAR)
• Calculating scattered dose in the medium
• The ratio of the scattered dose at a given point in
the phantom to the dose in free space at the same
point
• TAR(d,0): the primary component of the beam
Equilibrium mass
phantom
d rd rd
Dd D fs