• The following must be taken into consideration for

ethical research writing (Logan University, 2016):

1. Findings should be reported with complete honesty.
2. Intentional misinterpretation, misinformation, and
misleading claims must be avoided.
3. Appropriate credit should be given when using other
people’s work.
4. Plagiarism should be avoided by fully
acknowledging all content belonging to others.
•PLAGIARISM refers to the act of using
another person’s ideas, words, processes,
and results without giving credits.
• The following are considered as acts of plagiarism:
1. Claiming authorship of a work or creation done by
another person.
2. Copying an entire written work or a portion of it-
including words, sentences, and ideas- without
acknowledging the author.
3. Failing to put quotation marks to distinguish a
quotation taken directly from a source.
4. Giving incorrect information about the source of a
quotation,.
5. Merely changing the words but retaining the sentence
structure so that the selection or quotes still bears a
resemblance to the original source.
6. Using so many words and ideas from original source
that it makes up a large portion of your work, even if
you acknowledge the original author.
Plagiarism should not be tolerated as the unauthorized
use of original ideas and works constitutes a violation
of intellectual property rights.

“Intellectual property refers to creations of the mind:

inventions; literary and artistic works; and symbols,
names, and images used in commerce.” (WIPO,
2004)
• Creators of such works and intellectual property
are given rights and protections, and the
unauthorized used of intellectual property is
subject to legal sanctions.
• In the Philippines, IP is protected by Republic Act
8293 or the Intellectual Property Code of the
Philippines.
• Copyright infringement and its corresponding
sanctions, however, only apply to commercial use
of IP.
• In academic research, plagiarism and its related
acts constitute academic dishonesty and may be
cause for the invalidation of the research study
and other sanctions.
• Sharma and Singh (2011) list the following tips to
avoid plagiarism:
1. Sufficient time must be allotted for writing.
2. Hard copies of all relevant references should be
collected.
3. All references should be read carefully and its
important parts must be highlighted.
4. Sufficient attribution should be placed when
using the ideas of others.
5. Lines with factual details are to be referenced.
6. The appropriateness of inserting references
should be determined.
7. Written permission should be acquired for text
and figures copied from other sources.
8. All the text should be paraphrased- that is, written by
the author in his or her own language.
9. Copying and pasting text from sources while writing
should be avoided. If one is not good at typing, he or
she can request assistance from a typist.
10. Before submitting an article, all figures, and
references should be prepared in accordance to the
prescribed standards.