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Application Application
Transport Transport
Radio Medium
1
Reference Model
Physical Layer :
Bit Stream to signal conversion
Frequency selection
Generation of carrier frequency
Data modulation over carrier frequency
Data encryption
2
Reference Model
In essence :
Reliable point-to-point transfer of data
between sender and receiver.
3
Reference Model
Network Layer :
Connection setup
Packet routing
Handover between networks
Routing
Target device location
Quality of service (QoS)
4
Reference Model
Transport Layer :
Establish End-to-End Connection
Flow control
Congestion control
TCP and UDP
Applications – Browser etc.
5
Reference Model
Application Layer:
Multimedia applications
Applications that interface to various
kinds of data formats and transmission
characteristics
Applications that interface to various
portable devices
6
Overlay Networks - the global goal
regional
vertical
handover
metropolitan area
horizontal
handover
campus-based
in-house
7
WIRELESS TRANSMISSION
Frequency Ranges
1 Mm 10 km 100 m 1m 10 mm 100 m 1 m
300 Hz 30 kHz 3 MHz 300 MHz 30 GHz 3 THz 300 THz
9
Frequencies
10
Frequencies
11
Frequencies
13
REGULATIONS
ITU-R
14
Frequency Allocation
Europe USA Japan
16
SIGNALS
17
SIGNALS
t[s]
I= M cos
18
Signals
According to fourier
series, it is possible to
reconstruct the original
signal using the sine
and cosine functions.
n1 n1
19
Signals
20
Antenas
21
ISOTROPIC RADIATOR ANTENNA
z
y z
y x
x
22
Antennas
λ/2
23
Wavelength
Forms of electromagnetic radiation like radio waves, light
waves or infrared (heat) waves make characteristic
patterns as they travel through space. Each wave has a
certain shape and length. The distance between peaks
(high points) is called wavelength.
24
Dipole Antenna
25
Directional Antenna
26
Signal Propagation Range
Transmission range
communication possible
low error rate
Detection range
detection of the signal sender
possible
no communication transmission
possible distance
detection
Interference range
signal may not be interference
detected
signal adds to the
background noise
27
Path Loss during Transmission
Propagation in free space is always in a straight line like that of light.
Receiving power proportional to 1/d² in vacuum – much more in
real environments
(d = distance between sender and receiver)
Receiving power additionally influenced by
Fading (frequency dependent)
shadowing
reflection at large obstacles
refraction depending on the density of a medium
scattering at small obstacles
diffraction at edges
28
Path Loss Effects
29
Signal Propagation effects
30
Propagation behavior of waves
Ground Wave (<2 MHz): Can follow earth’s
surface and can propagate long distances
[Submarine communication, AM Radio etc]
Sky Wave (2-30 MHz) : Waves are reflected.
They can bounce back and forth between
ionosphere and earth’s surface and can travel
around the world.
Line of Sight [>30 MHz) : The waves are bent
by refraction.
31
Multipath Propagation
32
33
Multipath Propagation
34
Multipath Propagation
35
Effects of delay spread
36
Effects-2 of delay spread
37
One possible solution
38
Effects of mobility
Channel characteristics change over time
and location
signal paths change
different delay variations of different signalolng term
power
fading
parts
different phases of signal parts
39
Solution for Long Term Fading
40
Long Term Fading
Additional changes in
distance to sender
obstacles further away
41