COMPUTER HARDWARE

TOPICS COVERED
1. SMPS
2. MOTHER BOARD
3. Expansion Cards
4. Printer, Keyboard and Mouse Interfaces
 SMPS
• It electrically isolates the system from dangerous main
supply. It provides safe, well regulated, low voltage DC
supplies for the mother board and disk drives.
 SMPS
• Input AC:240 volt and Output DC volt: +3.3v, +5/-5v
and +12/-12v.

• If the SMPS has an AC input, then the first stage is to

convert the input to DC. This is called rectification.

• The inverter stage converts DC, to AC by running it

through a power oscillator.
 POWER SUPPLY VOLTAGES AND SIGNAL LINES

+12 Most Motors

DC +5
117 Vac AC Most electronics
Power +3.3 Some Electronics
Or Power (ATX)
Outputs -5 Older Electronics
220 Vac Input
-12 Some communication
LOGIC CONTROL SIGNALS electronics
+5
Stand by Supply

Power Good
Power On
3.3 V Sense
 ATX Power Supply

+12v:- DRIVE MOTORS AND COOLING FANS

+5V:- ALL ELECTRONIC COMPONENENTS
-12V:- COMMUNICATION CIRCUITS(TYPICALLY SERIAL PORTS)
-5V:- ISA SLOTS
+3.3V:- MOST CPUS AND DRAM USES
POWERGOOD SIGNAL:- +5V
GND SIGNALS:-
+5VSB:- STANDBY SUPPLY, ATX AND NEWER
 What is motherboard?

•Motherboard is the most important component in

any personal computer.

•The motherboard contains

•CPU and FAN assemply.
•Memory (ROM and RAM).
•Expansion buses.
•I/O Interfaces.
•Disk-Drive Interface circuit etc.

•
 Motherboard of Pentium III

S
D
SDRAM
R
I/O PORTS

A
AGP M

CMOS BATTERY
 Voltages of ATX power connector:- Pentium 4 Motherboard
+5v,+12v,-5v,-12v, GND,PG,+3.3V

I/O PORTS

ATX POWER CONNECTOR

PCI SLOTS

AGP
CPU SLOT
CHIPSET
FDC CONNECTOR

MEMORY SLOTS (DDR SDRAM)

IDE CONNECOTS

FRONT PANNEL SWITCHES CMOS RAM

 ATX SYSTEM LAYOUT AND CHASIS FEATURES

Processor,heatsink, and
fan ATX
ATXMotherboard
Motherboard
 Mother Board Components:-

• Expansion Slots
• Processor.
• Co processor
• Memory – RAM & ROM, Cache
• BIOS
• CMOS BATTERY
• Support Chips (DMA Controller, Bus Controller, PPI, Timer---)
• Chipsets (North Bridge & South Bridge)
• Connectors
• Jumpers.
INPUT OUTPUT PORTS AT THE BACK OF THE MOTHERBOARD
 Motherboard Block Diagram

Processor

CHIPSET 3.2GB/s

>1GB
3.2GB/s
Display North Bridge Memory

133MB/s

South Bridge

Audio & USB

LAN interface BIOS
ports
INTEL 915 CHIPSET
FUNCTIONS OF NORTH BRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE CHIPSET
 PC Memory Types
Types & Capacity BUS voltages
Speed figure
SDRAM 100/133
(Synchronous MHz 3.3V
Dynamic RAM)
Capacity:-64
MB,128 MB, etc.

RDRAM( Rambus 400 MHz

Dynamic RAM)
3.3v
Capacity: 256
MB, 512 MB

DDR SDRAM – 400 DDRSDRAM

(DDRSDRAM1 & MHz,800 :-2.5v
DDR2SDRAM) MHz, etc.
(Double Data
Rate SDRAM)
Capacity:- 512
MB, 1GB etc. DDR2SDR
AM:-1.8V
 Expansion Cards (Add on Cards)

An expansion card also called expansion board or

adapter card or accessory card.

An expansion slot of a computer motherboard is used

to add additional functionality to a computer system.

The edge connector fit exactly into the slot and they
establish the electrical contact between the electronics
on the card and on the motherboard.
 Expansion card types

1. Graphics cards /Display Cards

2. Sound cards

3. Network cards

4. Modems

5. AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) etc.

 Graphics Cards
A video card, also referred to as a graphics accelerator card, display adapter,
graphics card, and numerous other terms, is an item of personal computer
hardware whose function is to generate and output images to a display.
 Sound Card
• A sound card (also known as an audio card) is a computer expansion card that
facilitates the input and output of audio signals to/from a computer under control of
computer programs.
• Typical uses of sound cards include providing the audio component for multimedia
applications such as music composition, editing video or audio,
presentation/education, and entertainment (games) .

1.Audio out 2. Line In 3. Mike 4. Game port

 Network Cards
• A Network card, Network Adapter, LAN Adapter or NIC (network interface card) is a
piece of computer hardware designed to allow computers to communicate over a
computer network.
• It is both an OSI layer 1 (physical layer) and layer 2 (data link layer) device, as it
provides physical access to a networking medium and provides a low-level addressing
system through the use of MAC addresses. It allows users to connect to each other
either by using cables or wirelessly.
 Modem
Modem (from modulator-demodulator) is a device that modulates an analog
carrier signal to encode digital information, and also demodulates such a carrier
signal to decode the transmitted information. The goal is to produce a signal that
can be transmitted easily and decoded to reproduce the original digital data.
Modems can be used over any means of transmitting analog signals, from driven
diodes to radio.Two types.

1.External Modem 2.Internal Modem

 AGP
• The Accelerated Graphics Port (also called Advanced Graphics Port,often shortened to
AGP) is a high-speed point-to-point channel for attaching a graphics card to a
computer's motherboard, primarily to assist in the acceleration of 3D computer
graphics. Since 2004, AGP is being progressively phased out in favor of PCI Express .
Printer, Keyboard and Mouse
Interfaces
 IEEE 1284-A Parallel Port
The parallel port on the workstation is bi-directional.
 Serial Ports
• The workstation features two 9-pin serial ports. These ports are capable
of transferring data at rates as high as 230 kbps. Other features of the
ports include:
– Programmable data, parity, and stop bits
– Programmable baud rate and modem control
 keyboard and Mouse Ports
The workstation uses keyboards and mouse devices that are
PS/2-compatible. The combined current draw of the keyboard
and mouse is limited to 0.5 amps at +5V
 Pin out

Female connector from the front

Pin 1 +DATA Data

Pin 2 Not connected Not connected*

Pin 3 GND Ground

Pin 4 Vcc +5 V DC at 275 mA

Pin 5 +CLK Clock

Pin 6 Not connected Not connected**

 15 pin VGA Port
(Monitor connector)

Identification: 15 Pin D shaped female connector(3*5 row)

This 15 pin port connects Monitor.
 USB PORT

Identification: 4 Pin
This 4 Pin Port Connects USB Devices.
IDE AND FLOPPY DRIVE CONNECTORS ON THE
MOTHERBOARD 1. FDC CONNECTOR
2 and 3 IDE CONNECTORS

3
 CHIPSET

All the diverse support functions inside a PC where integrated

into a few VLSI components individually termed application specific
integrated circuits or ASICs, these ASICs are collectively called chipset.

Eg. of Chipsets.:-
Intel 810 Chipset
Intel 810E Chipset
Intel 815 Chipset
Intel 815E Chipset
Intel 845 Chipset
Intel 850 Chipset
Intel 915 Chipset