Momentum Transport Balance

The Theory
Lecture outcome

State two mechanism for

momentum transport

2
 Momentum Transport Balance

Combined momentum flux  = rvv + p

There are two mechanisms :

1. Molecular transport
2. Convective transport
Molecular transport p = pd + t

Convective transport rvv

3
 Molecular Transport Expression

p pt
Molecular viscous
stresses stress

Static
pressure

4
 Molecular Transport Expression
pij  pdij  tij
Recall!

i and j is the designation on x,y,z

tij
dv x
t yx  
dy
Force in the x-direction on a
unit area perpendicular to
y-direction
5
 Molecular Transport Expression (1.2)

Kronecker delta, d ij
If i = j , d=1
If i ≠ j, d=0
dxx = 1, dyy = 1, dzz = 1
dxy = 0, dxz = 0, dyz = 0 etc.
6
 Molecular Transport Expression (1.2)

p  pd  t

7
 Molecular Motion
Particle
Let’s imagine a molecule motion in
as a particle tornado

8
 Molecular Motion
Let’s imagine a molecule as a particle
Floating
ball

9
Molecular Transport

Yes!
Split into 3D
components
y

z x
10
 Molecular Transport Expression (1.2)

t,Viscous Stress (Force) on a unit area

perpendicular to x/y/z-direction 11
 Molecular Transport Expression (1.2)

There could be 3 components

of the movement; vx, vy and vz

Each of component could have 3 directions

vx= vx(x,y,z)
vy= vy (x,y,z)
vz = vz (x,y,z)
12
 Molecular Transport Expression (1.2)

Each of component could have 3 directions

vx= vx(x,y,z)
vy= vy (x,y,z)
vz = vz (x,y,z)

13
 Viscous Stress

pij  pdij  tij

Molecular
stresses Static
pressure

i and j is the designation on x,y,z

y
txx txy txz
tyx tyy tyz
x
z tzx tzy tzz
14
 Viscous stress in Cartesian coordinates

 v j vi 
t ij      

 d i d j 

Shear stress in the j-direction

on a unit area perpendicular to i-direction

15
 Viscous stress in Cartesian coordinates

Area Viscous force per unit area in the x-direction on a plane

perpendicular to x-direction
perpendicular
to x  vx vx  vx
t xx        2
 x x  x
Viscous force per unit area in the y-direction on a plane
perpendicular to x-direction

 v y vx 
t xy     
 x y 
Viscous force per unit area in the z-direction on a plane
perpendicular to x-direction
 v z v x 
t xz      
 x z  16
 Viscous stress in cartesan coordinates
Viscous force per unit area in the x-direction on a plane
Area perpendicular to y-direction
perpendicular  vx v y 
to y t yx     
 y x 
Viscous force per unit area in the y-direction on a plane
perpendicular to y-direction

 v y v y  v y
t yy        2
 y y  y

Viscous force per unit area in the z-direction on a plane

perpendicular to y-direction
 vz v y 
t yz      
 y z  17
 Viscous stress in cartesan coordinates
Viscous force per unit area in the x-direction on a plane
Area perpendicular to z-direction
perpendicular  v x v z 
to z t zx      
 z x 

Viscous force per unit area in the y-direction on a plane

perpendicular to z-direction

 v y vz 
t zy     
 z y 
Viscous force per unit area in the z-direction on a plane
perpendicular to z-direction

 v z v z  v z
t zz         2
 z z  z 18
 Viscous stress in cartesan coordinates

txx txy txz

tyx tyy tyz
tzx tzy tzz Viscous Stress

Shear Stress Normal Stress

Direction!
19
 Viscous stress in cartesian coordinates

txx txy txz Viscous Stress

tyx tyy tyz
tzx tzy tzz Work out the
direction!

20
 Viscous stress in cartesan coordinates

Viscous Stress

Shear Stress Normal Stress

txy txz txx
tyx tyz tyy
tzy tzx tzz 21
 Viscous stress in cartesan coordinates

Note that:

Shear Stress

txy =tyx
Look at the
direction! tzy =tyz
txz =tzx
22
Velocity gradient

dv
t  
dx

What is velocity
gradient ?
23
 Molecular Transport Expression -1D
vx=vx(y)
Recall! 1D

dv x
t yx  
dy

Velocity in the x-direction on a

unit area perpendicular to
y-direction

24
Velocity gradient

dv
dx

25
 Summary

Combined momentum flux  = rvv + p

There are two mechanisms :
1. Molecular transport.
2. Convective transport
Molecular transport p = pd + t

 v j vi 
t ij      

 d i d j 

Convective transport rvv

26
Further understanding

•Read and understand the

Textbook; Chapter 1,
•page 16 to 17
• page 35 to 36

27