RATIO

AND
PROPORTION

Group 6:
Umi Kalsum
Nur Ayu Endah
Mutaqin
RATIO AND PROPORTIONS

RATIO
A ratio is a comparison of two quantities that have the same units. The
𝑎
Quotient of two quantities is a number in the simplest from, such as : the or a : b
𝑏
which is read the ratio of a to b, where a and b are positive integers.
Writing a ratio is the same as writing a fraction, that is, it is expressed in
𝑎 𝑎
the form . The form for a ratio means comparing a quantity or a number to the
𝑏 𝑏
𝑎
other quantity or number, while the form for a fraction means a part of the
𝑏
whole.
Example #1: If one store has 360 items and another store has 100 of the same items, express the
ratio of the items.
360
or 360 : 100 or 360 to 100
100
Ratios are usually written in lowest terms; therefore, the above example would reduce in this way:
360 360÷20 18
= =
100 100÷20 5

Example #2: John earns $350 a week. His take-home pay, however, is $295. What is the ratio of his
gross pay to his take-home pay.
350 70
=
295 59
 PROPORTION

A proportion is a statement that two ratios or rates are

equal. It can be given as a sentence in words, but most often
a proportion is an algebraic equation. On the Proportions
there are the direct and inverse Propotions.
1. Direct Proportions
𝑎 𝑐
The form of the proportion = where b ≠ 0 and d ≠ 0, can be changed into the form of
𝑏 𝑑
multiplication as follows.
𝑎 𝑐
=
𝑏 𝑑
𝑎 𝑐
bd × = bd × multiply both sides by bd
𝑏 𝑑
ad = bc or a×d=b×c

a. Cross multiplication
𝑎 𝑐
Changing the direct proportion in the form = into the multiplication form a × d = b × c
𝑏 𝑑
can be done in following way.
𝑎 𝑐
In the proportion = , a is cross-multiplied by d, and b is cross-multiplied by c, so that we
𝑏 𝑑
get a × d = b × c. This procedure is called the cross-multiplication.
Example :
Determine the values of p, x, and y in the following proportions !
𝑝 72
1. 5
=
8
2. 4 : 3 = 12 : ( y + 5 )
Answer :

𝑝 72 2. 4 : 3 = 12 : ( y + 5 )
1. = 8
5 4 (y + 5) = 3 x 1
P x 8 = 5 x 72
5 𝑥 72 4y + 20 = 36
P= 8 4y = 36 – 20
P = 45 4y = 16
b. Extremes and means
Consider the Following proportion !
extreme a:b=c:d extreme

Means
In the proportion above, a and d are called the extremes, while b and c are called the
means.
𝑎 𝑐
At the beginning of this section, we have discussed that the form of proportion = can
𝑏 𝑑
𝑎 𝑐
be expressed in the multiplication form a × d = b × c. Since a : b = c : d is equivalent to = the
𝑏 𝑑
proportion a : b = c : d can also be changed into a × d = b × c.
For the proportion a : b = c: d where b ≠ 0 and d ≠ 0 :
The product of extremes = The product of means
Thus, if a : b = c : d, then a x d = b x c.
Do 12 : 20 and 9 : 16 form a direct proportion ?
Answer :
The ratio are 12 : 20 and 9 : 16
Product of extremes = 12 x 16 = 192
Product of means = 20 x 9 = 180
Since the product of extremes is not equal to the product of means, then 12 : 20 and 9 : 16 do not
from a direct proportion.
2. Inverse proportions
As with a direct Proportion, an inverse proportion can also be expressed literally. See the
following description!
3 6
is the inverse of , and
2 9
6 1 1
is also the inverse of : , since :
9 6 9
1 1 1 9 9 3
: = x = =
6 9 6 1 6 2
1 1
Thus, 3 : 2 = :
6 9
3 𝑎 6 𝑝 𝑎 𝑝
If the ratio is replaced with and is replaced with then is the inverse of , and p/q is
2 𝑏 9 𝑞 𝑏 𝑞
1 1
also the inverse of : .
𝑝 𝑞
𝟏 𝟏
So, a : b = : = q : p
𝒑 𝒒
Example :
In the following questions, the ratio p : q is the inverse proportion of a : b
1. If a : b = 3 : 5 and q = 15, find the value of p !
2. If a : b = 7 : 4 and p = 12, find the value of q !
3. If a : b = (r + k) : 4, p = 20, and q = 25, find the value of r !
Answer :

1. a : b = q : p 2. a : b = q : p 3. a:b=q:p
3 : 5 = 15 : p 7 : 4 = q : 12 (r + 3) : 4 = 25 : 20
3p = 5 X 15 4q = 7 X 12 20 x (r + 3) = 4 x 25
𝟓 𝑿 𝟏𝟓 𝟕 𝒙 𝟏𝟐
p= 𝟑 q= 𝟒 20r + 60 = 100
p = 25 q = 21 20r = 40
r=2